Phosphanes catalytic applications

After publication of details of the biphasic catalytic hydroformylation system in 1994 many applications of the same concept were found. A variety of fluorous triaryl phosphane ligands was synthesized to enable recycling of precious transition metal catalysts [10b, 18] (Scheme 3.3). 

A large number of ligands for palladium have been employed, though the largest and most important class is the monodentate phosphines. Multi-dentate phosphanes, palladacycles, and A-heterocyclic carbenes are emerging areas of ligand development and application. A stoichiometric amount of base is necessary to turn the catalytic system over, but in practice two or... 

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