Phase III biorefineries

Phase III biorefinery (multiple feedstocks, multiple processes and multiple major products). 

Currently, there are four phase III biorefinery systems being pursued in research and development, which will be discussed in more detail in this chapter ... 

Finally, Phase III biorefineries are the most advanced, as they use a variety of biomass feedstock to yield a mix of products (Figure 1.2). Such biorefineries employ a combination of technologies, among them are chemical and/or biological transformations, extractions, and separations. Examples for Phase III biorefineries include whole-crop biorefineries encompassing an array of transformations of feedstock (e.g., corn, or rapeseed). The most promising type of Phase HI biorefineries are... 

Because of the high demand of biofuels in the present situation, several biorefineries have been established based on the availability of agriculture and forest products and also in efforts to utilize wastes obtainable from the paper and pulp industry, sugar mills, etc. (Cherubini et al., 2009). This system yields transportation fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol, platform chemicals, and some chemical intermediates for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Since the Phase III biorefineries are the ones that may be expected to serve as an all-in-one source of food, feed, and platform chemicals, the various known forms of Phase 111 biorefineries are discussed in some detail below. 

A variety of classifications of biorefineries have been proposed some of them consider feedstock, products, or processes. A very simple overview and classification of biorefineries subdivides them into three types Phase I, Phase n, and Phase III (Clark etal., 2012). 

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