Phase-change rule chemical reaction

Antisymmetric matrix, non-adiabatic coupling, vector potential, Yang-Mills field, 94-95 Aromaticity, phase-change rule, chemical reaction, 446-453 pericyclic reactions, 447-450 pi-bond reactions, 452-453 sigma bond reactions, 452 Aromatic transition state (ATS), phase-change rule, permutational mechanism, 451-453... 

Operator definitions, phase properties, 206-207 Optical phases, properties, 206-207 Orbital overlap mechanism, phase-change rule, chemical reactions, 450-453 Orthogonal transformation matrix ... 

The rate of a chemical reaction depends on temperature. A rule of thumb for many organic reactions in solution is that a 10 °C change in temperature causes a two- to three-fold change in rate of reaction [25]. To study the temperature dependence of solid-phase reactions, the cleavage reaction of resin (35) with n-butyla-mine at 20, 40 and 60 °C were carried out. The cleavage time courses and pseudo-first-order rate fits at these three temperatures are shown in Fig. 12.20. The rate constants from single bead FTIR analysis are Hsted in Tab. 12.4. Compared with the reaction at 20 °C, the solid-phase cleavage reaction of resin 3b was two times faster at 40 °C and four times faster at 60 °C. 

Calculation of equilibrium conversions is based on the fundamental equations of chemical-reaction equilibrium, which in application require data for the standard Gibbs energy of reaction. The basic equations are developed in Secs. 15.1 through 15.4. These provide the relationship between the standard Gibbs energy change of reaction and the equilibrium constant. Evaluation of the equilibrium constant from thermodynamic data is considered in Sec. 15.5. Application of this information to the calculation of equilibrium conversions for single reactions is taken up in Sec. 15.7. In Sec. 15.8, the phase rule is reconsidered finally, multireaction equilibrium is treated in Sec. 15.9.t... 

The Gibbs phase rule is very useful in predicting the importance of the control variables in a chemical reaction system. These variables include pressure, temperature and composition, as well as the effect on phase equilibrium. It can also be used to predict which way a given reaction will progress when the controlled variables are changed. 

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