Pharmacogenetics concept

Drag => PK -I- PD => Individualized Dose Also pharmacogenetics (PG) can be integrated into a common concept, and be figured as pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic parameters (PD) for the individual patient. 

Sandermann H (1994) Higher plant metabolism of xenobiotics the green liver concept. Pharmacogenetics 4 225-241. 

Observations of person-to-person differences in the metabolism of drugs and consequently in drug kinetics and response led to the concepts of pharmacogenetics. The same principal concepts apply to the genetic variability in the reaction to food components (e.g., lactose intolerance) or to environmental toxins (e.g., carcinogens). These fields often are termed ecogenetics and toxicogenetics . 

Shastry BS (2006) Pharmacogenetics and the concept of individualized medicine. Pharmacogenomics J 6 16-21... 

The opioid dose required for analgesia will be affected by genotype variants. One dose does not fit all. For example, a patient with the variant of OPRMl may require twice the standard morphine dose to be effective. This variability in clinical effect among patients based on genotype emphasizes the need to perform pharmacogenetic assessments in patients, perhaps leading to the concept of pharmacogenetic-based dose adaptation [49]. 

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