Pharmaceuticals electroanalysis

Septonex (l-ethoxycarbonylpentadecyltrimethylammonium), which have been notably used to detect anionic forms or complexes of metal species. CPEs modified with anionic (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nonionic surfactants were mainly applied to the detection of drugs or pharmaceuticals. This was also the case of lipid-based CPEs (stearic and lauric acids), which were directed to pharmaceuticals electroanalysis. ... 

W. F. Smyth (Editor), Electroanalysis in Hygiene, Environmental, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Electroanalytical Group of the Chemical Society, London, 17-20 April, 1979, (Analytical Chemistry Symposia Series, Vol. 2), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980. 

Bersier, P.M. Bersier, J. Polarographic, voltammetric, and HPLC-EC of pharmaceutically relevant cyclic compounds. Electroanalysis 1994, 6, 171-191. 

The elution method involves scraping off the separated zones of samples and standards and elution of the substances from the layer material with a strong, volatile solvent. The eluates are concentrated and analyzed by use of a sensitive spectrometric method, gas or liquid column chromatography, or electroanalysis. Scraping and elution must be performed manually because the only commercial automatic micropreparative elution instrument has been discontinued by its manufacturer. The elution method is tedious and time-consuming and prone to errors caused by the incorrect choice of the sizes of the areas to scrape, incomplete collection of sorbent, and incomplete or inconsistent elution recovery of the analyte from the sorbent. However, the elution method is being rather widely used (e.g., some assay methods for pharmaceuticals and drugs in the USP Pharmacopoeia). 

Pedrosa, V.A., Lowinsohn, D. and Bertotti, M. (2006) FIA determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical drugs by using gold electrodes modified with a 3-mercaptopropionic acid monolayer. Electroanalysis, 18 (9), 931-934. 

Main areas of electroanalysis with CMCPEs and biosensors Similar to unmodified CPEs, there are four major categories, in which the modified variants are widely employed (i) inorganic ions, complexes, and molecules, 40% (ii) organic substances and environmental pollutants (of organic origin), 10% (iii) BIC, 40% and (iv) pharmaceutical and clinical analysis, 10%. 

F. Smyth, "Electroanalysis in Hygiene, Environmental, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry," Elsevier, Amsterdam (1980). 

F. Smyth, Electroanalysis in hygiene, environmental, clinical and pharmaceutical chemistry, Anal.Chem.Symp.Ser., 2 473 (1980). 

X.X. Sun, L.Z. Sun, H.Y. Aboul-Enein, Internal solid contact electrode for the determination of salbutamol sulfate in pharmaceutical formulation. Electroanalysis, 12 (11), 853-857, 2000. 

Shamsipur, M., Belgi, A., Teymoun, M. et al (2010) Electrocatalytic application of Girard s reagent T to simultaneous determination of furaldehydes in pharmaceutical and food matrices by highly sensitive voltammetric methods. Electroanalysis, 22, 1314-1322. 

In the literature, a series of good reviews about the use of electroanalytical methods for determination of pharmaceuticals, the utilization of chemical-modified electrodes,or even focusing on the utilization of voltammetric techniques in association with flow injection analysis demonstrate the great potentialities of the use of electroanalysis for quantification of low levels of pharmaceutical compounds. In the following sections, these aspects are addressed and selected examples are presented. A classification based on the electrode materials was chosen for giving the lecturer an outlook of the developments in the area. 

Quintino MSM, Yamashita M, Angnes L (2006) Voltammetric studies and determination of levodopa and carbidopa in pharmaceutical products. Electroanalysis 18 655-661... 

Suryanarayan V, Zhang Y, Yoshihara S et al (2005) Voltammetric assay of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations using boron-doped diamond electrode. Electroanalysis 17 925-932... 

---