Perspectives for learning

Sfard (1998) originally described knowledge acquisition and participation as different metaphors for learning. More recently, Hakkarainen ef al. (2004) examine three basic perspectives on, or approaches to, learning  

These three perspectives provide a conceptual framework for learning that may guide us in improving the quality of training and education. These three perspectives are used and modified for the purpose of farmer training in organic agriculture. 

The acquisition perspective understands learning as a process of transmitting knowledge 

An alternative perspective is participation, a process that emphasises the role of social communities. Learning is viewed as participation within the context of shared activities. Through participation, people learn to become full members of a community, and simultaneously develop and reshape their identities. Knowledge, according to this view, does not exist as such in the world or only in the individual s mind rather it is one dimension of participation in a culture in different ways (Hakkarainen et al. 2004). 

Although both of the previous perspectives may include certain innovative elements, neither of them focuses on the creation and development of knowledge. Therefore, Hakkarainen et al. (2004) introduce the perspective of knowledge creation. Its aim is both to create new knowledge and to develop corresponding social practices. In this process, the existing knowledge is essentially enriched or shaped (as summarised in Table 17.2). 

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