Perpetuum mobile

We have already shown that the first law cannot be demonstrated in this case on the basis of the impossibility of a perpetuum mobile. 

Dircks, Henry. Scientific studies , or, practical, in contrast with chimerical pursuits, exemplified in two popular lectures I. The life of Edward Somerset, second marquis of Worcester, inventor of the steam engine. II. Chimeras of science astrology, alchemy, squaring the circle, perpetuum mobile, etc. London E. F. N. Spon, 1869. 

Lydon, M. Perpetuum mobile a study of the novels and aesthetics of Michel Butor. Univ of Alberta P, 1980. 

Carnot efficiency is one of the cornerstones of thermodynamics. This concept was derived by Carnot from the impossibility of a perpetuum mobile of the second kind [ 1]. It was used by Clausius to define the most basic state function of thermodynamics, namely the entropy [2]. The Carnot cycle deals with the extraction, during one full cycle, of an amount of work W from an amount of heat Q, flowing from a hot reservoir (temperature Ti) into a cold reservoir (temperature T2 < T ). The efficiency r] for doing so obeys the following inequality ... 

VIII/91 — VIII/92 — VIII/93 — VIII/90 is like a chemical perpetuum mobile (perpetual motion). However, after one sequence the amount of VIII/90 is reduced to approximately 40 % ... 

Scheme VIII/17. A chemical perpetuum mobile (perpetual motion) [51].

Theoretically too, assuming that contact actions affected the equilibrium, we should come upon a perpetuum mobile, by working alternately with and without the contact substance the conversion might thus be carried backwards and forwards indefinitely, and so work be accomplished in any way, without fall of temperature, in contradiction to the laws of thermo-dynamics. 

We follow the proof of physical and thus logical impossibility of the construction and functionality of the Perpetuum Mobile of the II. and, equivalently [8], of the I. type. 

Nevertheless, the construction of the Auto-Reference is describable and, as such, is recognizable, decidable just as a construction sui generis. It leads, necessarily, to the requirement of the II. Perpetuum Mobile functionality when the requirements (5) and (6) are sustained. 

In the Auto-Reference case, the whole combined machine OO is a system in the equilibrium status. For this status we can introduce the term (quasi)stationary status in which the (infinitesimal) part of heat is circulating. Any round of this circulation is lasting the time interval At infinite, At— °°, for not ideal model, or, finite, A t, when the ideal model is used then the part of heat cannot be the infinitesimal. With the exception of the II. Perpetuum Mobile functionality of this combined machine, which is not possible, see (5) and (6), only the opening of the system and an external activity, a certain step-aside between the cycles O and O, moves it away (prevent it) from this status. 

Thus, when we contemporarily await anything else than the zero output or an output which is not relevant to the given input, by this only awaiting, we require a construction of the Perpetuum Mobile functionality.)... 

In a closed system the total energy remains constant (also known as sine perpetuum mobile). Thus, the change of internal energy ... 

The question, whether a temperature gradient may be possible in thermal equilibrium is of historical interest [9], Maxwell stated that the temperature must be the same in all heights of a column. Otherwise, a perpetuum mobile could be constructed. In contrast, Loschmidt believed that the equilibrium temperature decreases with height. 

There is an excellent compilation concerning the perpetua mobilia by Gramatke [22], In Table 10.2 a few historical facts are compiled concerning the chronology of the perpetuum mobile [23]. 

Science distinguishes between a perpetuum mobile of first kind and second kind. A perpetuum mobile of first kind violates the first law of thermodynamics and a perpetuum mobile of second kind violates the second law of thermodynamics. In fact, perpetua mobilia have been invented to deal with literally every known kind of energy. The concept of a perpetuum mobile seems to have fascinated or worried... 

Table 10.2 Chronology of energy laws and the perpetuum mobile [22] Event...

Leonardo da Vinci is engaged with the perpetuum mobile. He perceives the impossibility of constructing such an engine 1640 Descartes formulates a precursor of the energy principle... 

Interesting for the chemist is that perpetua mobilia are not restricted to mechanics, electricity, but invaded also in the fields of chemistry. For instance, eternal lamps received the attention of alchemists. Another kind of perpetuum mobile consists of two coupled distillation apparatus. The distillate of one apparatus is flowing down in the other apparatus. This instrument is called circulatorium. 

Gramatke, H.P. Perpetuum mobile, [electronic] http //www.hp-gramatke.net/perpetuum/ index.htm (2(X)3)... 

Michal, S. Das Perpetuum mobile gestem und heute, 2nd edn. VDI-Verlag, Duiisseldorf (1981)... 

Examples are cyclic working heat machines producing work from absorbed heat but (cyclic) perpetuum mobile (of the first kind) performing work in < 0 without absorbing heat or even producing it (by friction) q < 0 are excluded. Note that if a process is not cyclic, inequalities (1.3) not be valid, e.g., at adiabatic expansion. 

Alternatively, however, accepting the First Law (i.e., nonexistence of perpetuum mobile of the first kind), the Second Law (1.18) may be reformulated as the nonexistence of perpetuum mobile of the second kind as follows ... 

This formulation excludes the perpetuum mobile of the second kind having in (1.19) - =0. 

The entropy S is the hardest thermodynamic property to understand and to explain. It is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics that states that we cannot produce energy from nothing, in other words, it is impossible to build a Perpetuum Mobile. As a consequence, there is some energy content that we continually waste and entropy is a measurement of this waste. In all natural processes, entropy increases and therefore the world entropy increases with time. It introduces the concept of irreversibility and defines a unique direction of time. 

Following the first part of Carnot s theorem the efficiencies of all reversible Carnot cycles with the working temperatures Tw and Tq, Ty Tq > 0, are ecjual we must conclude that in the opposite case we would be able to couple two Carnot machines with different efficiencies j/i, 72/ 7l 7 72 in such a way that the resulting machine would be the perpetuum mobile cf the II. order (machine changing cyclically, permanently the whole input heat AQw in the output work AA) AQw = AA). So it must be valid that rj = tj2. 

We can find many other examples of the apparent perpetuum mobiles of... 

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