Permittivity of free space

The first modification is to simply scale the dielectric permittivity of free space (T( ) by a scale factorD to rn ediate or dam pen thelong range electrostatic interactions. Its value was often set to be between 1.0 and 7H.0, the macroscopic value for water. A value of D=2..5, so that u=2..5Ug, wasoften used in early CIIARMM calculation s. 

C = Q/V. In a vacuum, the charge density on the surfaces of the conductors is affected by the permittivity of free space, q. When a dielectric material is placed between the conductors, the capacitance increases because of the higher permittivity, e, of the material. The ratio of e and q gives the dielectric constant, K, of the material, k = e/eg The dielectric constant of siHca glass is 3.8. 

Here o is a fundamental constant called the permittivity of free space. To three deeitnal places,... 

The symbol ao is the first Bohr radius, approximately 52.9 pm, and to is the permittivity of free space.) As we will see in later chapters, Gaussian orbitals are... 

Notice that I have been very careful to use the symbol cq for the permittivity of free space and the symbol s to denote an energy.)... 

Here e° is the permittivity of free space, e the electronic charge, and e the solvent s dielectric constant. Substituting, one may write... 

The symbols and are, respectively, the laplacian operators for a single nucleus and a single electron. The variable is the distance between nuclei a and / , Vai the distance between nucleus a and electron i, and the distance between electrons i and j. The summations are taken over each pair of particles. The quantity e is equal to the magnitude of the electronic charge e in CGS units and to e/(47reo) / in SI units, where eo is the permittivity of free space. 

Solvent strength parameter (2) Permittivity of free space ... 

In Eqs. (16) and (17), a and P refer to atoms of the solute and solvent, respectively q is the permittivity of free space, Qa and Qp are atomic charges, and Rap is the distance between atoms a and p. The parameters eap, aap, Aap, Bap and Cap can either be assigned by fitting to experimental data or can be the arithmetic or geometric means of literature values for the individual atom types.10,65,66 The atomic charges are commonly determined by requiring that they reproduce the calculated molecular electrostatic potentials.10 In order to provide better descriptions of the solvent s structure, Eqs. (16) and (17) are generally extended to include solvent-solvent intermolecular interactions. 

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