Periodic table ions displayed

Figure 6.6 summarizes different blocks, families, and areas of the periodic table. Most elements can be classified as metals. Metals are solid at room temperature, are good conductors of heat and electricity, and form positive ions. Moving across the table from left to right elements lose their metallic characteristics. The metalloids, also known as the semi-metals, have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals. Because they display characteristics of both conductors and nonconductors, elements such as silicon and germanium find wide use in the semi-conductor industry. Non-metals are found on the far right of the periodic table. Nonmetals are poor conductors and are gases at room temperature. 

The actinide trihalides display a similar pattern of structure to those of the lanthanide trihalides. However, comparing the coordination numbers for Ln + and An + ions with the same number of f electrons ( above one another in the Periodic Table ), it can be seen that the coordination number of the lanthanide halides decreases sooner than in the actinide series, a reflection of the fact that the larger actinide ions allow more halide ions to pack around them. Table 10.3 gives comparative coordination numbers for the trihalides of the lanthanides and actinides. 

Aqua ions are prototypes illustrating the solution properties of complexes in a particular oxidation state. The properties displayed generally reflect size, charge, and effects such as crystal field splitting, as well as the tendency to form polynuclear oxo/hydroxo-bridged species, and metal-metal bonded species. Residence times of water ligands on aqua ions across the periodic table cover a remarkable 20 orders of magnitude from the most labile (<1 ns) to the most inert (>300 years), which is an important feature to understand. 

Due to the transitional position of manganese in the Periodic Table, its colored compounds occur in a wide variety of seven oxidation states from Mn(VII) to Mn(I), and the two formal oxidation states Mn(—I) and Mn(—III). Manganese ions with positive valences display characteristic colors, which may be different to that of the corresponding solid compounds (Reidies 2003). 

These authors determined the parameters of Eq. (3) for all available experimental data on TTA extractions and calculated pHgQ, the pH at which 50% of the ion is extracted by equal volume phases into 0.2 M TTA in benzene. They displayed some of these data in the form of a periodic table to show the trends in extractability of the elements (see Fig. 35). In cases in which the pH q value is negative only HCl data are given, while other data may be for a variety of acids and acid-salt combinations. The reader is referred to the original paper for more detail. However, this figure shows that the quadrivalent ions are much more extractable than others. 

From your work in Chapter 4, you will know that the atoms of metallic elements produce positively charged ions (called cations), such as Na". By contrast, the atoms of non-metallic elements form negatively charged ions (called anions), such as Ck. What pattern in ionic radii do we see going across Period 3 The data are shown in Table 10.2 and are displayed graphically in Figure 10.5. 

---