Periodic acids acid-base systematics

Although the alchemists failed to find a method for the transmntation of base metals into precious metals, a number of important chemical processes resulted from their efforts. For example, they extracted metals from ores produced a number of inorganic acids and bases that later became commercially important and developed the techniques of fusion, calcination, solution, filtration, crystallization, sublimation, and, most importantly, distillation. During the Middle Ages, they began to try to systematize the results of their primitive experiments and their fragments of information in order to explain or predict chemical reactions between substances. Thns the idea of chemical elements and the first primitive forms of the chemical Periodic Table appeared. 

In the preceding chapter we looked at the elements of the third row in the periodic table to see what systematic changes occur in properties when electrons are added to the outer orbitals of the atom. We saw that there was a decided trend from metallic behavior to nonmetallic, from base-forming to acid-forming, from simple ionic compounds to simple molecular compounds. These trends are conveniently discussed... 

Of the synthetic work of this period J. Meisenheimer s research [14] on the preparation of unsubstituted quinuclidine, V. Prelog and coworkers investigation [48-53] of methods of quinuclidine ring closure based on tribromoalkanes and dibromoalkylamines, and G. Clemo and T. Metcalf s work [55] on the conversion of isonicotinic acid to quinuclidon-3 are worth mentioning. Systematic research into the synthesis of Cinchona alkaloids carried out by P. Rabe s school [56-60] and a brilliant total synthesis of quinine performed by R.B. Woodward and W. E. Doering [61] are of particular merit. However, further progress in quinuclidine chemistry was hampered by the absence of suitable synthetic methods. 

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