Perfluorochemical blood substitutes

Moore, R E, Clark, L C, Jr Proc 5th Int Symp Perfluorochem Blood Substitutes, Mainz, 1981, W Zuckschwerdt Verlag Munich, 1982, p 50... 

C.S. Lai, S. Stair, H. Miziorko, J.S. Hyde, Effect of oxygen and the spin label TEMPO-Laurate on F and proton relaxation rates of the perfluorochemical blood substitute FC-43 emulsion, J. Magn. Reson. 57 (1984) 447-452. 

Naito, R. Yokoyama, K. Perfluorochemical blood substitutes. In FC-43 Emulsion, Fluosol-DA, 20% and 35% Green Cross Corp. Osaka, Japan, 1978, 1981. 

R. Naito, K. Yokoyama, Perfluorochemical Blood Substitutes, Rech. Inform. Ser. No. 5, Green Cross, Osaka, 1978. 

Naito, R., and Yokoyama, K., 1978, Perfluorochemical blood substitutes FLUOSOL-43 FLUOSOL-DA, 20% and 35%, Technical Information Br. No. 5, The Green Cross, Japan. 

Perfluorocarbons. In 1966, it was demonstrated (27) that a laboratory mouse could survive total immersion in a perfluorochemical (PFC) solution. This material, similar to commercial Teflon, is almost completely inert and is insoluble in water. A water-soluble emulsion was prepared that could be mixed with blood (28), and in 1968 (29) the blood volume in rats was completely replaced with an emulsion of perfluorotributylamine [311-89-7], C12F27N. The animals survived in an atmosphere of 90—100% 02 and went on to long-term recovery. However, the 02 content of the perfluorochemicals has a linear dependence on the partial pressure of oxygen, P, as can be seen in Figure 1. The very high 02 tension required to transport physiologic amounts of 02 (12) and the propensity of the perfluorocarbon to be taken up by the reticuloendothelial cells were considered to be severe limitations to the development of clinically useful perfluorocarbon blood substitutes (30). 

Riess, J.G. Le Blanc, M. Solubility and transport phenomena in perfluorochemicals relevant to blood substitution... 

Riess, J.G. Le Blanc, M. Preparation of perfluorochemical emulsions for biomedical use principles, materials and methods. In Blood Substitutes Preparation, Physiology, and Medical Applications Lowe, K.C., Ed. Ellis Horwood Ltd. Chichester, 1988 94-129. 

Maugh, H., 1973, Perfluorochemical emulsions promising blood substitute. Science 179 669-672. 

Several pharmaceutical products are formulated as emulsions (1) Parenteral emulsion systems, e.g. parenteral nutritional emulsions, lipid emulsions as drug carriers (2) Perfluorochemical emulsions as artificial blood substitute (3) Emulsions as vehicles for vaccines (4) topical formulations, e.g. for treatment of some skin diseases (dermatitis). 

The properties of a perfluorochemical emulsion depend critically on the surfactant used for emulsification. A surfactant used as an emulsifier in fluorochemical blood substitutes has to meet several criteria (1) provide a fine stable emulsion (2) be nontoxic, nonmutagenic, and nonhemolytic (3) be compatible with blood and endothelial cells (4) be pharmacologically, physiologically, or biochemically inactive and (5) either be excreted unchanged or in the form of harmless metabolites [41]. 

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