Particulate matters, surface modifications

The development of additives to deal with the problem of particulate deposition will essentially involve the modification of charges either of the surface or the suspended matter, and consequently they are flocculants, surfactants or dispersants. 

Reverse osmosis will concentrate all constituents of surface water, except some ions, allowing the most wholistic approach. In order to remove large organic matter such as bacteria and particles which are undesirable components of a NOM stock, the surface water was pretreated using MF. This method, however, will selectively remove some organics which are associated with particulates. In order to retain the fraction of organics which may be complexed with multivalent ions and to reduce modifications, it was decided not to use an ion exchange resin. 

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