Particle sampling methods

Size-selective sampling Industtial hygiene sampling methods that collect particles with a specific range of aerodynamic diameters. 

Sample Method for Au addition3 Au content (wt%) Mean diameter0 of Au particles (nm)... 

Tx and Tx are the kinetic energies of the atomic coordinates and X variables, respectively. The As are treated as volumeless particles with mass mx. Since the X variables are associated with the chemical reaction coordinates , the A-dynamics method can utilize the power of specific biasing potentials in the umbrella sampling method to overcome sampling problems that require conventional FEP calculations to be performed in multiple steps. 

Different sampling methods often result in collection of different components of the element or compound of interest. Most seawater samples are collected in bottles, filtered to remove particles and analyzed directly or after preconcentration of minor components. Particulate matter from the water column is collected by filtration or with sediment traps. Sediment samples are collected in cores that recover intact chronological sequences and are commonly subsampled, dried and ground to a powder. Pore waters are extracted from sediments by squeezing or suction, dialysis, and centrifugation. 

Kaupp, H., and G. Umlauf, Atmospheric Gas-Particle Partitioning of Organic Compounds Comparison of Sampling Methods, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 2259-2267 (1992). 

Anlauf, K. G H. A. Wiebe, and P. Fellin, "Characterization of Several Integrative Sampling Methods for Nitric Acid, Sulphur Dioxide, and Atmospheric Particles, JAPCA, 36, 715-723 (1986). 

Spurny, K. R., Sampling Methods and Sampling Preparation, in Physical and Chemical Characterization of Individual Airborne Particles (K. R. Spurny, Ed.), Chap. 3, pp. 40-71, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986. 

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