Parallel mechanisms, demonstration

Wingert, A., Litcher, M.D., and Dubowsky, S., On the kinematics of parallel mechanisms with bi-stable polymer actuators, demonstrated on the website http //scripts.mit.edu/ robots/robots/publications/ papers /2002 06 Win LicDub. pdf... 

Majda and co-workers provided an elegant demonstration of through-bond and chain-chain hopping processes as parallel mechanisms for electron transfer across SAMs [46, 133]. In n-alkanethiol monolayers formed on hanging drop mercury electrodes, the adsorbate coverage T is measured by chronocoulometry of the mercuric thiolate formed upon adsorption. For the as-adsorbed films, geometric con-... 

The analytic validity of an abstract parallel elastic component rests on an assumption. On the basis of its presumed separate physical basis, it is ordinarily taken that the resistance to stretch present at rest is still there during activation. In short, it is in parallel with the filaments which generate active force. This assumption is especially attractive since the actin-myosin system has no demonstrable resistance to stretch in skeletal muscle. However, one should keep in mind, for example, that in smooth muscle cells there is an intracellular filament system which runs in parallel with the actin-myosin system, the intermediate filament system composed of an entirely different set of proteins, (vimentin, desmin, etc.), whose mechanical properties are essentially unknown. Moreover, as already mentioned, different smooth muscles have different extracellular volumes and different kinds of filaments between the cells. 

The first and very fundamental question we had to address was how many solvent molecules coordinate to a metal ion. In the case of the Be2"1" cation, the coordination of four water molecules to form [Be(H20)4]2+ (at pH<3) is corroborated based on NMR (62-68), X-ray (69-74), or even neutron diffraction data (75). In parallel, these observations are also made by different types of computer-based simulations (76-79). In the case of Li+ one can find different values in the literature. While most X-ray structures demonstrate the existence of [Li(H20)4] + (80-82), [Li(H20)5]+ (83), and [Li(H20)6]+ (84) are also found. Even if one is doubtful and sceptical from a modern crystallographic point of view, e.g., [Li(H20)5]+ and [Li(H20)6]+ were studied at room temperature, we need to clarify the coordination number before the water exchange mechanism can be investigated. 

Such decay is known as concerted fragmentation. Peroxides have the weak O—O bond and usually decompose with dissociation of this bond. The rate constants of such decomposition of ROOR into RO radicals demonstrate a low sensitivity of the BDE of the O—O bond to the structure of the R fragment [4], Bartlett and Hiat [8] studied the decay of many peresters and found that the rate constants of their decomposition covered a range over 105 s-1. The following mechanism of decomposition was proposed in parallel with a simple dissociation of one O—O bond [3,4] ... 

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