Panel, panels infill

Specific machines, for example to produce infill domestic door panels. 

Thick compact exterior grade laminates are self-supporting and suitable for applications such as infill panels or the decorative cladding of exterior walls. They are available with surfaces of anodized aluminium and coloured lacquer-coated foil as well as normal melamine. 

Caivi GM, Bolognini D (2001) Seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with masonry panels weakly reinforced. J Earthq Eng 5(2) 153-185 Canbay E, Ersoy U, Tankut T (2004) A three component force transducer for reinforced concrete... 

Fig. 14.3 ERP strengthening system details (DPC-ReLUIS Guidelines 2011) (a) SRP uniaxial system to sustain horizontal actions due to strong infills (b) L-shaped FRP laminates at beam column connection (c) Shear capacity increase of beam column joint panel (d) Column end confinement (e) Beam end FRP wrapping (f) FRP strengthened Joint...

Frosch R, Li W, Jirsa J, Kreger M (1996) Retrofit of non-ductile moment resisting frames using precast infill wall panels. Earthq Spectra 12(4) 741-760 JCI (2007) Seismic rehabilitation of cona-ete structures. In Sugano S (ed) International Publication Series IPS-2. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills Kahn LF, Hanson RD (1979) Infilled walls for earthquake strengthening. ASCE J Struct Eng 105(ST2) 283-296... 

Hand lay-up is a wet process and it is the simplest yet most labour-intensive and the most commonly used technique, since the 1940s. It is most suited for the production of similar components in limited numbers, (i.e., fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) infill panels). In this method, successive layers of resin and reinforcement, (i.e., rovings, fabric, mat or randomly arranged chopped fibres of glass), are manually applied to an open mould, with the following basic procedure of five steps ... 

The next element to be added are the infills. The infill panels are modeled as double inelastic no-tension struts, with thickness tw = 200mm, equivalent width dw = d/10, using a uniaxial elastic, softening law similar to that of concrete. Two cases are considered. In the first, the struts connect the structural joints, in the second, at the ground level the struts are connected to the columns at a distance of approximately 500 mm from the beam-column joint (Figure 9). 

Certain types and layouts of doorways, windows, infill panels and fixed or openable glazed areas may be covered by a building code. It may include, for example, distances between windows on either side of a fire wall, and where protection of the opening is required internal or external wall-wetting sprinklers, or automatic fire doors for doorways, automatic fire shutters for windows or construction of approved FRL for other openings. 

The modeling of the behavior of infilled frames under lateral loading (and mainly earthquake-induced loads) is a complex issue because these structures exhibit a highly nonlinear response due to the interaction between the masonry infill panel and the surrounding frame. This results to several modes of failure, each of which has a different failure load, and hence a different ultimate capacity and overall behavior. 

Fig. 3 Six-stmt model for masonry infill panel in frame stmctures (Chrysostomou 1991)...

More recently, Crisafulli and Carr (2007) proposed a new macromodel in order to represent, in a rational but simple way, the effect of masonry infill panels. The model is implemented as a four-node panel element which is connected to the frame at the beam-column joints. Internally, the panel element accounts separately for the compression and shear behavior of the masonry panel using two parallel struts and a shear spring in each direction. This configuration allows an adequate consideration of the lateral stiffness of the panel and of the strength of masonry panel, particularly when a shear failure along mortar joints or diagonal tension... 

Regarding the modeling of the infill panels, the great number of influencing factors, such as dimension and anisotropy of the bricks, joint width and arrangement of bed and head joints, material properties of both brick and mortar, and quality of workmanship, make the simulation of plain brick masonry extremely difficult. The level of complexity of the analytical model depends on whether masoiuy is considered as one-, two-, or three-phase material, where the three phases are comprised of the units, mortar, and unit-mortar interface. 

In general, infill walls and in particular the masonry infill panels exhibit a small plastic region on the stress-strain curve due to significant decrease in stiffness, strength, and energy absorption capacity. In order to enhance the behavior of infill partitions and remove their inherent deficiencies, various researchers... 

Madan A, Reinhom AM, Mander JB, Valles RE (1997) Modeling of masonry infill panels for structural analysis. J Struct Eng ASCE 123(10) 1295-1302... 

The multi-strut model described above has been implemented by CrisafuUi and Carr (2007) in a panel element, which only has four comer nodes and can be connected to the frame only at the points representing the beam-column joints. Thus, the effect of the frame-infill contact forces on the bending moments of the frame members... 

Fig. 16 Damages to infilled RC frames following the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, (a) Damage of the confining liame elements, (b) Out-of-plane failure of the infills. Note that the panels were confined by RC lintels and pilasters tied to the RC frame...

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