Palmitoyl-carnitine

Shimazaki, T., Tomita, M., Sadahiro, S., Hayashi, M., and Awazu, S., Absorption-enhancing effects of sodium caprate and palmitoyl carnitine in rat and human colons. Dig. Dis. Sci., 43 641-645 (1998). 

Duizer, E., et al. 1998. Absorption enhancement, structural changes in tight junctions and cytotoxicity caused by palmitoyl carnitine in Caco-2 and IEC-18 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287 395. 

Chao AC, Taylor MT, Daddona PE, Broughall M, Fix JA (1998b) Molecular weight-dependent paracellular transport of fluorescent model compounds induced by palmitoyl-carnitine chloride across the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. J Drug Targeting 6 37 13... 

Gross, R. W. Sobel, B. E. (1983). Rabbit myocardial cytosolic lysophospholipase. Purification, characterization and competitive inhibition by L-palmitoyl carnitine. J. Biol. Chem. 258,5221-5226. 

Acyl carnitines and cholines Palmitoyl carnitine, lauroyl choline... 

The control of fatty-acid oxidation is related to the availability of circulating fatty acids and the activity of palmitoyl carnitine transferase 1. When circulating fatty acids are elevated, considerable fatty-acyl CoA is formed in a number of tissues, including the liver, which is sufficient to inhibit both acetyl CoA carboxylase in the cytosol and, indirectly, pyruvate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrion. Under this condition, neither malonyl CoA nor citrate would accumulate thus, there would be a diminution of fatty-acid synthesis. When large amounts of fatty... 

Palmitoyl animal collagen amino acids. See Palmitoyl collagen amino acids 6-0-Palmitoylascorbic acid Palmitoyl L-ascorbic acid. SeeAscorbyl palmitate Palmitoyl carnitine... 

Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(1-oxopalm kernel) amino]-, hydroxide, inner salt. See Palm kernelamidopropyl betaine 1 -Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(1-oxotallow) amino]-, hydroxide, inner salt. See Tallowamidopropyl betaine 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-(1-oxohexadecyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt. See Palmitoyl carnitine 1 -Propanaminium, 2,3-dihydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-(1-0X0-9,12-octadecadienylamino) propyl]-, 3-phosphate triester, trichloride. See Linoleamidopropyl PG-dimonium chloride... 

Palmitamidohexadecanediol Palmitamidopropyl betaine Palmitoyl carnitine Palmitoyl glutamic acid Palmitoyl hydroxypropyltrimonium amylopectin/glycerin crosspolymer Palmitoyl oligopeptide Pancreatin Panthenyl hydroxypropyl steardimonlum chloride Papain Parsley (Carum petroselinum) extract Parsley (Carum petroselinum) seed oil Peach (Prunus persica) kernel extract Peach (Prunus persica) leaf extract Pepsin Pigskin extract... 

Neopentyl glycol dipelargonate Propylene glycol dicaprate C23H45NO4 Palmitoyl carnitine C23H48N2O... 

Palmitoyl CoA combines with carnitine in a reaction catalysed by carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I) located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, to form palmitoyl carnitine. The palmitoyl CoA is regenerated from palmitoyl carnitine by carnitine acyltransferase II (CAT II) located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 

Racemic-HPC, a strong inhibitor of CPT, [28] binds 9-fold better than palmitoyl-carnitine. The chiral material promises to be even better. HAC competes for the carnitine site in the short-chain, but not the long-chain transferase. In summary, the success of these inhibitors attests to the design rationale that the g conformation... 

FIGURE 13.11 Product ion scans for Phe and Palmitoyl carnitine butyl esters, amu, atomic mass units. 

Reference values for the acylcarnitines are derived from >500 patients, mostly pediatric (0.2-16 yrs), evaluated for metabolic disorders in the author s laboratory but with no manifest biochemical evidence of disease. Individuals with any markedly abnormal values were discounted. The analytical method used was tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Internal standards used were stable isotope-labeled analogs of acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, octanoyl and palmitoyl carnitine. The values for straight-chain C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C8, CIO, C14, C16 and Cl8 1 species are in pmol/1 and are derived from calibration curves using analytical standards all other values are ratios of the signal for the compound to an appropriate internal standard. All values are mean + 2 std. dev. except where a range is given... 

Figure 6. Effect of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) addition on carnitine palmitoyltransferase I specific activity in highly purified mitochondrial fractions (HPMF) as the palmitoyl-CoA/albumin ratios assayed. Values are expressed as nmol of palmitoyl-carnitine (palm-carnitine) synthesized / min per mg of protein, (open circles) HPMF, (open squares) addition of 0.5 mM G3P. Results are representative of four independent experiments.

Effect on mitochondrial p-oxidation (measured with palmitoyl-carnitine)... 

Ketogenic reaction in normal rat liver was studied with various substrates in vitro. As shown in Fig.7, when palmitoyl carnitine or palmitate was used as the substrate, the ketogenic reaction was stimulated, although to a small extent, by pantethine as well as palmitoyl-S-pantetheine. Palmitoyl-S-pantetheine was somewhat more effective than pantethine, but palmitoyl-S-pantetheine by itself did not serve as the substrate of the reaction, unless CoA and carnitine were added to the reaction mixture. When octanoic acid was used as the substrate, the formation of acetoacetate was not affected by these two compounds at all. 

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