Palladium methoxide

Palladium catalysts with simple monodentate phosphine ligands (e.g. PPh3) can catalyze the methoxycarbonylation of ethylene. However, the Lucite process employs a bulky diphosphine, 1,2-( Bu2PCH2)2CgH4, and is highly active and selective under quite mild conditions (10 bar/80°C). Two alternative catalytic cycles are possible, based either upon a palladium hydride or a palladium methoxide complex (Figure 9), and mechanistic and spectroscopic studies indicate that the hydride cycle is dominant. The alkene and CO insertion steps are the same as those in the Pd-catalyzed co-polymerisation of CO and alkenes to polyketones (Section 4.4). 

One initiation pathway produces ester end-groups. It starts with a palladium-carbomethoxy species, which can be formed either by CO insertion in a palladium methoxide or by direct attack of methanol on coordinated CO (Scheme 1). 

For ethylene/CO copolymerization, two relevant termination mechanisms have been proposed. One mechanism, protonolysis of the palladium-alkyl bond, produces a saturated ketone end-group and a palladium methoxide (eq. (6)). The latter can again be converted to a palladium carbomethoxide initiator by CO insertion into the palladium-methoxide bond. 

Silyl enol ethers are other ketone or aldehyde enolate equivalents and react with allyl carbonate to give allyl ketones or aldehydes 13,300. The transme-tallation of the 7r-allylpalladium methoxide, formed from allyl alkyl carbonate, with the silyl enol ether 464 forms the palladium enolate 465, which undergoes reductive elimination to afford the allyl ketone or aldehyde 466. For this reaction, neither fluoride anion nor a Lewis acid is necessary for the activation of silyl enol ethers. The reaction also proceed.s with metallic Pd supported on silica by a special method[301j. The ketene silyl acetal 467 derived from esters or lactones also reacts with allyl carbonates, affording allylated esters or lactones by using dppe as a ligand[302]... 

Terminal alkynes react with propargylic carbonates at room temperature to afford the alka-l, 2-dien-4-yne 14 (allenylalkyne) in good yield with catalysis by Pd(0) and Cul[5], The reaction can be explained by the transmetallation of the (7-allenylpailadium methoxide 4 with copper acetylides to form the allenyKalk-ynyl)palladium 13, which undergoes reductive elimination to form the allenyl alkyne 14. In addition to propargylic carbonates, propargylic chlorides and acetates (in the presence of ZnCb) also react with terminal alkynes to afford allenylalkynes[6], Allenylalkynes are prepared by the reaction of the alkynyl-oxiranes 15 with zinc acetylides[7]. 

Preparation of the substituted piperazine required for sul-falene (114) starts with bromination of 2-aminopiperazine to give the dihalide (150). Displacement of halogen by sodium methoxide proceeds regioselectively at the more reactive 3 position to give 151. Hydrogenolysis over palladium on charcoal gives the desired intermediate (152). 

Note. Enol acetates undergo a similar oxidation, using the palladium species and tributyltin methoxide as dual catalysts. 

Another easily available palladium compound is PdCl2 however, it has low or no activity. The chloride ion in the coordination sphere of palladium seems to inhibit the coordination of two moles of butadiene to form the bis-77-allylic complex. However, PdCl2 can be used in the presence of an excess of bases, such as KOH, NaOH, sodium phenoxide, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium methoxide, or tertiary amines. These bases deprive the chloride ion from the coordination sphere of palladium to form the active species. Thus, very stable and easily prepared... 

A single reaction has been described in which a palladium-catalyzed reaction was employed to form an alkyne [45], Thus, attempted alkylation of carbonate 145 with dimethyl malonate in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 gave a mixture of enyne 87 and the alkylation product 86 in a 15 1 ratio (Scheme 14.37). Methoxide caused an elimination in (jT-allyl)palladium intermediate 146, which is apparently faster under these conditions than a reaction with the nucleophile (cf. Eq. 14.9). The synthetic importance of this process seems to be limited. 

Sodium methoxide, 3-methyl-4-nitroanisole, diethyl oxalate, 30% hydrogen peroxide, 97% sodium hydride, methyl acetoacetate, sodium sulfate, 10% palladium on activated carbon, ammonium formate, and 2-nitrophenylacetic acid were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., and were used without further purification. 

The resting state of the propanoate catalysts may well be an acyl complex [60,61], while the attack of alcohol at the acylpalladium complex is considered to be the rate-determining step. It is probably more precise to say that fast preequilibria exist between the acyl complex and other complexes en route to it and that the highest barrier is formed by the reaction of alcohol and acylpalladium complex. The precise course of the reaction is still not known presumably deprotonation of the coordinating alcohol and the migratory elimination are concerted processes, accelerated by the steric bulk of the bidentate ligand. Toth and Elsevier showed that the reaction of an acetylpalladium complex and sodium methoxide is very fast and occurs already at low temperature to give methyl acetate and a palladium(I) hydride dimer [46]. 

The 5-iodo derivative 1016 was prepared by reaction of the acetate of 999 with iodine monochloride, and subsequent deprotection using sodium methoxide in methanol. The protected derivative 1016 is a suitable precursor for use in cross-coupling reactions to prepare the unsaturated analogs 1018 and 1019. Thus, reaction of 1016 with methyl acrylate in the presence of palladium(II) acetate gave the ( )-5-(2-methoxycarbonylvinyl)uracil 1017 this was converted into the ( )-5-(2-bromovinyl) analog 1019 by alkaline... 

Cathodic surfaces of finely divided platinum, palladium and nickel have a low hydrogen overvoltage and the dominant electrochemical reaction is the generation of a layer of hydrogen atoms. The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones can be achieved at these surfaces. Cathodes of platinum or palladium black operate in both acid solution [203] and in methanol containing sodium methoxide [204], The carbonyl compound is converted to the alcohol. Reduction of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone is not stereoselective, however, 1,2-diphenylpropan-l-one is converted to the / reo-alcohol. 

Carbon monoxide insertion into the carbon-palladium bond of 4, followed by nucleophilic displacement with methoxide, gives a 4 1 mixture of trans and cis-dimethyl hex- endioate which is the desired l, 4-dicarbonylaton precursor to adipic acid. 

This method is very useful for the construction of 1-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines, which if necessary can be oxidized to isoquinolines. A P-phenylethylamine (l-amino-2-phenylethane) is the starting material, and this is usually preformed by reacting an aromatic aldehyde with nitromethane in the presence of sodium methoxide, and allowing the adduct to eliminate methanol and give a P-nitrostyrene (l-nitro-2-phenylethene) (Scheme 3.17). This product is then reduced to the p-phenylethylamine, commonly by the action of lithium aluminium hydride. Once prepared, the p-phenylethylamine is reacted with an acyl chloride and a base to give the corresponding amide (R = H) and then this is cyclized to a 3,4-dihydro-isoquinoline by treatment with either phosphorus pentoxide or phosphorus oxychloride (Scheme 3.18). Finally, aromatization is accomplished by heating the 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline over palladium on charcoal. 

The direct addition of nitromethane, in a mixture of anhydrous methanol and sodium methoxide, to 9-(3,5-0-isopropylidene-/ -D-fhreo-hexo-furanosyl-2-ulose)adenine (22) gave 9-(2-C-nitromethyl-/ -D-h/xo-hexo-furanosyl)adenine (94) in 75% yield.38 Reduction of 94 in 5 5 1 methanol-water-acetic acid in the presence of 10% palladium-on-charcoal, followed by N-acetylation of the resulting aminomethyl group, afforded, in 62% yield, 9-(2-C-acetamidomethyl-3,5-0-isopropyIidene-/ -D-h/xo-hexofuranosyl)adenine (95). 

As with many other examples of palladium compounds containing oxygen donors, alkoxide complexes have very rarely been isolated. Two compounds which have been obtained are frfl/is-[Pd(OMe)(CN)(PEt3)2]142 and the methoxide-bridged dimer [Pd2(ju-OMe)2(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptanedionato)2].143... 

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