Ozone UV radiation and

Benitez, F.J., Beltran-Heredia, J., Acero, J.L., and Gonzalez, T., Degradation of proto-catechuic acid by two advanced oxidation processes ozone/UV radiation and H202/UV radiation, Water Res., 30(7), 1597-1604, 1996. 

In this chapter, AOTs based on ozone, UV radiation, and hydrogen peroxide are presented with special emphasis on their fundamental and application aspects. Related literature of research studies and applications, especially those appearing in the last decade, are also listed, and specific examples of laboratory and scale-up studies are described in separate sections. 

Benitez FJ, Beltran-Heredia J, Acero JL, Gonzalez T (1996) Degradation of Proto-catechuic Acid by Two Advanced Oxidation Processes Ozone/UV Radiation and H2O2/UV Radiation, Wat. Res. 30, No. 7 1597-1604. 

Other primary disinfection technologies—chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV radiation, and organic disinfectants—are discussed elsewhere (1-3,17-27) in detail. Because most of the utilities that are affected by the Surface Water Treatment Rules and the Ground-Water Disinfection Treatment Rules serve less than 10,000 persons, this chapter wiU emphasize the applications of chlorination and chloramination processes to both small and large utilities. Table 1 indicates that both chlorination and chloramination are comparatively simpler than ozonation UV processes. 

The topic of ESR spectroscopy in the 1986 edition of the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (EPST) has included the classic applications of ESR, to systems in which the species containing unpaired electron spins were part of the S3 tem the detection and identification of radicals in polymerization reactions, during mechanical degradation of polymers, and in the attack of polymers by ozone, UV radiation, and... 

About 51 percent of solar energy incident at the top of the atmosphere reaches Earth s surface. Energetic solar ultraviolet radiation affects the chemistry of the atmosphere, especially the stratosphere where, through a series of photochemical reactions, it is responsible for the creation of ozone (O,). Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs most of the short-wave solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and some long-wave infrared radiation. Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere also absorb infrared radiation. 

Beltran, FJ. Ozone-UV radiation-hydrogen peroxide oxidation technologies. In Tarr MA, editor. Chemical degradation methods for wastes and pollutants - environmental and industrial applications. New York Marcel Dekker 2003 1-75. 

Taalas, P J. Damski, and E. Kyro, Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Variations on UV Radiation and on Tropospheric Ozone at High Latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1533-1539(1997). 

This process protects the earth from the very energetic, short-wavelength UV radiation and at the same time produces ozone, which absorbs somewhat longer wavelength radiation (moderately high energy) by a similar process ... 

For drinking water treatment plants a comparison of the AOPs showed that the combination ozone/hydrogen peroxide is the most efficient and inexpensive combination followed by ozone/UV radiation (Glaze et al., 1987 Prados et al., 1995). 

Beltran, F.J., Ovejero, G., Garcia-Araya, J.F., and Rivas, J., Oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water. 2. UV radiation and ozonation in the presence of UV radiation, Indust. Eng. Chem. Res., 34, 1607-1615, 1995. 

At this point it is worth distinguishing between good and bad ozone. Tropospheric ozone occurs from 0 to 10 miles above the earth s surface, and is harmful. Stratospheric ozone, located about 30 miles above the earth s surface, is responsible for filtering out incoming UV radiation and thus is beneficial. It is the decrease in the stratospheric ozone layer that has been of much concern recently. It is estimated that a 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone will increase the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth s... 

Beltran FJ. Estimation of the relative importance of free radical oxidation and direct ozonation/UV radiation rates of micropollutants in water. Ozone Sci Eng 1999 21 207-228. 

Since UV radiation of wavelength 147-130 nm is absent in sunlight available on the earth s surface, hence no formation of ozone takes place. However, at a height of 32 km, this UV radiation is available that lead to formation of ozone. The ozone molecules so formed absorbs this UV radiation and thus is not available on the surface of earth. 

Wada, H. Naoi, T. Recycling of Cyanide Wastewater by Ozone Oxidation Combined with UV Radiation and Ion Exchange, J. Chem. Eng. Jap. 1994, 27(2), 262. 

UV hulhs that produce radiation at 184.9 nm generate some quantities of ozone, which, in turn, can provide some oxidation of organic materials. The comhination of UV radiation and ozone produces the hydroxyl free radical, which is a more powerful oxidizing agent than is ozone itself. The 184.9 nm wavelength radiation is not as effective for UV disinfection as the 254 nm wavelength, except by the amount of ozone generated, which will provide some CT value. 

Chemical oxidation is very effective in destroying free cyanide as well as cadmium, copper, and zinc cyanide complexes. However, nickel cyanide is incompletely destroyed, and iron cyanide complexes are apparently unaffected by chlorine or ozone. The ozone-UV radiation process (i.e., advanced oxidation process) is effective for treatment of complexed cyanide, such an ferric cyanide, copper cyanide, and nickel cyanide. Performance data of oxidation processes from the following industries are presented in the appendixes ... 

---