Oxides as negative electrodes

Poizot P, Laruelle S, Grugeon S, Dupont L, Tarascon JM. Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nature. 2000 407(6803) 496-9. 

Another aspect is now beginning to receive attention, also on the basis of commercial development rather than arising directly from activities in the public research community. This is the development by Fuji Photo Film Co. of the use of materials based upon tin oxide as negative electrodes. As will be discussed later, this involves the formation of alloys by the in-situ conversion of the oxide. 

The intercalation compounds of lithium with graphite are very different in their behavior from intercalation compounds with oxides or halcogenides. Intercalation processes in the former compounds occur in the potential region from 0 to 0.4 V vs. the potential of the lithium electrode. Thus, the thermodynamic activity of lithium in these compounds is close to that for metallic lithium. For this reason, lithium intercalation compounds of graphite can be used as negative electrodes in batteries rather than the difficultly of handling metallic lithium, which is difficult to handle. 

Nickel-cadmium batteries use a hydrate nickel oxide as positive electrode, a metallic cadmium as negative electrode and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide as electrolyte [17]. The production of electrons at the negative plate during discharge occurs via the following semi-reaction ... 

Batteries are also classified according to their chemistry (their system), that is, the chemical nature of reactants. The above-mentioned battery with silver oxide as an oxidant at the positive electrode and metallic zinc as negative electrode is called silver-zinc battery. ... 

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