Oxidative DNA Lesions from PAH o-Quinones

The third type of oxidative damage that can occur in DNA would result from the addition of bifunctional electrophiles (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-none-nal) that result from lipid peroxidation to the nucleobases. The etheno adducts formed with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal can also be derived from vinyl chloride however, the heptano-etheno adducts derived from 4-oxo-2-nonenal can only be derived from lipid peroxidation [115], Thus far no attempt has been made to measure these adducts as a result of the AKR pathway of PAH activation. 

A number of limitations exist with the AKR pathway of PAH activation  

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