Oxidation states ground state configurations

The specified configurations are ground-state configurations except at La (g) and Gd (g) where the ground states are [Xe]5d and [Xe]4F5d respectively. It can be seen that the variations in It, do indeed correspond to the stabihty sequence for the dipositive oxidation state. The correspondence can also be tested quantitatively by using estimated and experimental values of AG (1). These are also plotted in Fig. 1.1. The parallelism between the two is very close. 

BaF has eight valence electrons thus, the ground state configuration ( Z ) and electronic levels for the A and B states are estimated from those for the isoelectronic molecule BaS (10). By analogy with the gaseous alkaline earth oxides (J ), Cg... 

A hundred years ago results from physics and physical chemistry had already influenced the conceptual status of inorganic chemistry. In the present context, it may be noted, in particular, how the experimental study of electrolysis processes had led to the concepts of cations, anions, and electrochemical equivalents. An important conclusion from these studies was, for example, that the monovalency of silver and the divalency of copper in their normal salts were more than just stoichiometric attributes. This conclusion, based upon integers, gives rise to the most important class of statements in chemistry, which we would like to call qualitative in a strong sense. We shall see further examples of this kind of statement below in connection with oxidation states, atomic electron configurations, and ground state specitications. 

From the results of relativistic Dirac-Fock calculations, the electronic ground-state configuration of the free neutral atom of element lOS was predicted to be 5f 6d 7s [75]. It is expected to belong to the group V B elements of the periodic table and to exhibit chemical properties resembling Nb and Ta [75]. The pentavalent state is predicted to be the most important for element 105 however, it could exhibit several oxidation states, i.e. 3+ and 4-t-, as well [78]. Like Ta, element 105 should form an extensive range of complex ions. Some of the predicted chemical properties of element 105 are given later in Table 13.10. 

The electronic ground-state configuration of the free neutral atom of element 109 has been predicted to be 5f 6d 7s and thus it should belong to the group VIII elements of the periodic table [75]. Element 109 is expected to have a chemical behavior similar to iridium but may exhibit an even more noble character [75]. The oxidation states 6+ [77], 3 -H [99], and 1 -t- [78] have been predicted to be stable, and a wide variety of valence states are anticipated in aqueous solution for element 109 [75], Like Ir, element 109 should form numerous solution complexes [75], Some of the predicted chemical properties of element 109 are given in Table 13.10. 

Chemical Properties. The electron configuration of the iodine atom is [Kr]4d ° and its ground state is. Principal oxidation states... 

Ground-state electronic configuration is ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 3i 4s. Manganese compounds are known to exist in oxidation states ranging from —3 to +7 (Table 2). Both the lower and higher oxidation states are stabilized by complex formation. In its lower valence, manganese resembles its first row neighbors chromium and especially iron ia the Periodic Table. Commercially the most important valances are Mn, Mn ", or Mn ". ... 

Sf.LF-Test 3.11A Write the configuration of the ground state of the nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) molecule. 

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