Oxbow lakes

Niethammer KR, White DH, Baskett TS, et al. 1984. Presence and biomagnification of organochlorine chemical residues in Oxbow Lakes of northeastern Louisiana. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13(1 ) 63- 74. 

Otto A, Walthet H, Piittmann W. Sesqui- and diterpenoid biomarkers preserved in Taxodium-rich Oligocene oxbow lake clays, Weisselster basin, Germany, Org Geochem 26 105-115, 1997. 

The most controlling factors in lake circulation are changes and differences in water temperature however, salinity, wind, and lake shape each have a role in circulation as well. Bowl-shaped lakes tend to turn over more easily than oxbow lakes. Water temperature determines water density which, in turn, accounts for turnover. Water is at its minimum density in the form of ice. Warmer water is less dense than cooler water until cold water reaches 39.2°F (4°C), when it gets lighter. Deeper water is generally both denser and colder than shallower water—other than ice. 

Meanders, although not confined to, are characteristic of flood plains. The consolidated veneer of alluvium, spread over a flood plain, offers little resistance to continual meander development. Hence, the loops become more and more accentuated. As time proceeds, the swelling loops approach one another. During flood, the river may cut through the neck, separating two adjacent loops, thereby straightening its course. As it is much easier for the river to flow through this new course, the meander loop is silted off and abandoned as an oxbow lake (Fig. 3.16). 

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