Osmium reviews

Although Strike found most of these articles on Strike s own, our good friend and learned scholar Osmium emailed Strike some of the above group s articles and quite a few more that we will get at in just a bit. The following methods can be read about in the original articles in which they were published [49-51]. But there is a nice review by the same authors in which a representative example of each of their methods is included [52]. The following were taken from that review. X and speed chemists just substitute an equimolar amount of their respective p-Nitropropene for the one in the methods below. Also, it should be obvious that these reduction methods will work just fine on 2CB and other phenethylamine intermediates. 

Diols are applied on a multimilhon ton scale as antifreezing agents and polyester monomers (ethylene and propylene glycol) [58]. In addition, they are starting materials for various fine chemicals. Intimately coimected with the epoxidation-hydrolysis process, dihydroxylation of C=C double bonds constitutes a shorter and more atom-efficient route to 1,2-diols. Although considerable advancements in the field of biomimetic nonheme complexes have been achieved in recent years, still osmium complexes remain the most efficient and reliable catalysts for dihydroxylation of olefins (reviews [59]). 

The potential of osmium complexes as homogeneous catalysts has been highlighted in two recent reviews.100,101... 

The chemistry of osmium has been reviewed in COMC (1982) and COMC (1995)339 370 as well as in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II.340 A recent review covers the applications of diosmium tetracarboxylates.341... 

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was first identified as the major mobilizable intracellular store of Ca2+ in skeletal muscles through the work of S. Ebashi, W. Hasselbach and A. Weber (review in Ebashi 1991). Identification of the SR and its role in smooth muscle met some early difficulties, partly due to the destructive effects of osmium fixation. Eventually the SR of smooth muscle was also identified, quantitated and its spatial distribution, peripheral and central, determined (Somlyo et al 1971, Devine et al 1971). Strontium (Sr), used as an electron opaque analogue of Ca2+, permitted direct, electron microscopic visualization of divalent cation transport into the SR (Somlyo Somlyo 1971). 

See review of Williams (25) for retention of lipids with osmium tetroxide generally high rates of phospholipids are retained. 

A number of reviews have been published that survey the general coordination chemistry of ruthenium and osmium. The ehemistry and thermodynamies of ruthenium and its inorganic compounds and aqueous speeies have also been reviewed. ... 

Reactions of of high oxidation state osmium and Ru polypyridyl complexes have been reviewed [43]. 

Of the Ru(IV) complexes recorded here most are mono-oxo species which, despite the strong axial distortion brought about by the terminal oxo ligand, are probably all paramagnetic. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (INDO/1) for epoxidations effected by oxo-Ru(IV) complexes have been reported (a non-concerted [1 h- 2] pathway was preferred) [642], [643] and for alcohol oxidations by octahedral species containing an Ru" (0) unit [644]. The reactivity of high oxidation-state polypyridyl complexes of osmium and Ru, with particular emphasis on Ru(IV) and Os(IV) oxo species, has been reviewed [43]. 

Reviewctr-Dihydroxylalion with osmium tetroxide has been reviewed (246 references). 

Since the completion of this review (mid-1982), the chemistry of carbidocarbonyl clusters has continued to expand rapidly. The task of the reviewer is made even more difficult as fascinating results continue to appear. In resisting the temptation to make a comprehensive update of the field, it would be remiss of me not to direct the reader s attention to the continued investigations of Lewis, Johnson, and co-workers in the chemistry of ruthenium and osmium carbidocarbonyls (89), the report by Longoni and coworkers (90) of the syntheses of the first nickel carbide clusters and some mixed nickel-cobalt carbides, the syntheses by Shapley of a new ruthenium dicarbide cluster [Ru,oC2(CO)24]- (91) and of Os6C(CO)l7 (92), and the work of Shriver which implies the existence of a very reactive tri-iron carbide cluster (93). 

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