Ose group

It will be necessary, now, to consider the stereo-isomerism of those mono-saccharoses which contain more than three carbon atoms. The isomerism of the aldoses and ketoses is structural, depending upon the different groups present in the molecule. These two isomeric forms of the mono-saccharoses are found in the case of each member above the bi-ose group, as this can exist only in the condition of an aldehyde compound and not as a ketone. If we examine the structural formula of any mono-saccharose containing more than three carbons we shall find that they each contain at least one asymmetric carbon atom. In most cases two or more asymmetric carbons are present, as shown in the following formulas in which the asymmetric carbon atoms are marked. 

The reaction of aldoses with nitric acid leads to the formation of aldaric acids by oxidation of both the aldehyde and the terminal primary alcohol function to carboxylic acid groups Aldaric acids are also known as saccharic acids and are named by substi tutmg aric acid for the ose ending of the corresponding carbohydrate... 

Glycosides are named by first citing the alkyl group and then replacing the -ose ending of the sugar with -oside. Like all acetals, glycosides are stable to neutral water. They aren t in equilibrium with an open-chain form, and they don t show mutarotation. They can, however, be converted back to the free monosaccharide by hydrolysis with aqueous acid (Section 19.10). 

The stem names are formed from the corresponding aldose stem names (2-Carb-8.2) by replacing the ending -ose with -ulose , preceded by the locant of the carbonyl group, e.g. hex-3-ulose. The chain is numbered so that the carbonyl group receives the lowest possible locant. If the carbonyl group is in the middle of a chain with an odd number of carbon atoms, a choice between alternative names is made according to 2-Carb-2.2.2. 

The names of the individual compounds of this type are formed by replacing (a) the -ose of the systematic or trivial name of the aldose by -uronic acid , (b) the -oside of the name of the glycoside by -osiduronic acid or (c) the -osyl of the name of the glycosyl group by -osy luronic acid . The carbon atom of the (potential) aldehydic carbonyl group (not that of the carboxy group as in normal systematic nomenclature [13,14]) is numbered 1 (see 2-Carb-2.1, note 1). 

Monosaccharides are those carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates They may be classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hex-oses, or heptoses, depending upon the number of carbon atoms and as aldoses or ketoses depending upon whether they have an aldehyde or ketone group. Examples are listed in Table 13-1. 

For this puq)ose, the photoswitchable bis(crown ether)s 88 and 89 as well as the reference compound 90 have been synthesized. Compounds 88 and 89 are highly lipophilic derivatives of azobis(benzo-15-crown-5). The parent azobis crown ether was originally developed by Shinkai and its photoresponsive changes in complexation, extraction, and transport properties thoroughly examined. Compared to 87, more distinct structural difference between the cis and trans isomers can be expected for 88 and 89 because in the latter compounds the 15-crown-5 rings are directly attached to the azobenzene group. The photoequilibrium concentrations of the cis and trans forms and the photoinduced changes in the complexation constants for alkali metal ions are summarized in Table 7. 

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