Origins of Charging

When phases come into contact, some redistribution of positive and negative charge invariably occurs, leading to the formation of an electric double layer and to a potential difference between the phases. Double layers can be formed by one or more of the following mechanisms  

selective adsorption of ions onto the solid particle from the liquid phase, 

dissociation of ions from the solid phase into the liquid, 

adsorption or orientation of dipolar molecules at the particle surface, 

electron transfer between solid and liquid phases due to differences in work function. 

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From the symmetric set, an extended set of Maxwell equations was exhibited in Section V.E. This set contains currents and sources for both fields E, B. The old conjecture of Dirac s is vindicated, but the origin of charge density is always electric (i.e., no magnetic monopole). Standard Maxwell s equations are a limiting case in far field. 

In order to explain the origin of charge on a colloidal particle, von Helmholtz postulated the existence of an electrical double layer of opposite charge at the surface of separation between a solid and liquid, i.e., at solid liquid interface. 

Problem 5 (a) Discuss the origin of charge on the colloidal particle. Explain its significance also. (Meerut 2004,2001)... 

An ab initio MO calculation carried out on H3B,NH3 (borazane) gave an insight into the origin of charge transfer and bond formation between BH3 and NH3.154 The calculation involved an expansion of the MO s of the addition compound in terms of those of the separate NH3 and BH3. 

Perkins, M., R. Theiler, S. Lunte, and M. Jeschke, Determination of the origin of charge heterogeneity in a murine monoclonal antibody. Pharm. Res., 2000, 17, 1110-1117. 

The term 8 represents the thickness of the so-called Helmholtz double layer, which is fixed, and the potential at the slip-plane is called the -potential. The origin of charges in the double layer is not clearly known, but it is believed to arise on account of preferential adsorption of ions in many cases. The ions in the double layer are relatively... 

Pouget, J.P., M.E. Jozefowicz, A.J. Epstein, J.G. Masters, A. Ray, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1991. X-ray structure of the polyaniline derivative poly(ortho-toluidine)—the structural origin of charge localization. Macromolecules 24 5863. 

Apart from the origin of charges, the earlier part of this discussion was concerned with nonequilibrium transport of ions. This is obviously an important situation when one is describing the conductivity of solutions and separating components from a mixture, but it is possible to arrange... 

Advanced Ceramic Procesang and Techncdogy 3.2 Origins of Charging... 

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