Organotins for the Stille Reaction

Solvents used for the Stille coupling include hydrocarbons, organic chlorides, ethereal solvents, highly polar solvents and even water, but most of the reactions are conducted in THF, DMF or NMP. The reaction was also adapted to the fluor-ous biphasic catalysis [19]. Stille reactions were also performed in ionic liquids [20], supercritical CO2 [21] and in aqueous medium [22] by using water soluble ligands. 

Alkynyltins are considered to be the most reactive organotins and their coupling generally proceeds smoothly [23]. They were used for different types of reactions 

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