Organic Light Emitting Diodes efficiency

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D.C. Muller, T. Braig, H.-G. Nothofer, M. Amoldi, M. Gross, U. Scherf, O. Nuyken, and K. Meerholz, Efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes with graded hole-transport layers, Chem-physchem., 1 207-211, 2000. 

E.W. Forsythe, M.A. Abkowitz, and Y. Gao, Tuning the carrier injection efficiency for organic light-emitting diodes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104 3948-3952 (2000). 

G. He, O. Schneider, D. Qin, X. Zhou, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, Very high-efficiency and low voltage phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes based on a p-i-n junction, J. Appl. Phys., 95 5773-5777 (2004). 

G. He, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, M. Hofmann, J. Birnstock, R. Pudzich, and J. Salbeck, High-efficiency and low-voltage p-i-n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers, Appl. Phys. Lett., 85 3911-3913 (2004). 

H. Murata, Z.H. Kafafi, and M. Uchida, Efficient organic light-emitting diodes with undoped active layers based on silole derivatives, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 189-191 (2002). 

D. Gebeyehu, K. Walzer, G. He, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, J. Brandt, A. Gerhard, and H. Vestweber, Highly efficient deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes with doped transport layers, Synth. Met., 148 205-211 (2005). 

L.M. Leung, W.Y. Lo, K.M. Lee, and W.K. Choi, A high-efficiency blue emitter for small molecule-based organic light-emitting diode, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122 5640-5641 (2000). 

C. Yang, C. Tai, and I. Sun, Synthesis of a high-efficiency red phosphorescent emitter for organic light emitting diodes, J. Mater. Chem., 14 947-950 (2004). 

L.S. Liao, K.P. Klubek, and C.W. Tang, High-efficiency tandem organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84 167-169 (2004). 

KM Vaeth and J Dicillo, High-efficiency doped polymeric organic light-emitting diodes, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., 41 2715-2725, 2003. 

PT Furuta, L Deng, S Garon, ME Thompson, and JMJ Frechet, Platinum-functionalized random copolymers for use in solution-processible, efficient, near-white organic light-emitting diodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126 15388-15389,2004. 

C.F. Madigan, M.H. Lu, and J.C. Sturm, Improvement of output coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes by backside substrate modification, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76 1650-1652, 2000. 

LC Palilis, AJ Makinen, M Uchida, and ZH Kafafi, Highly efficient molecular organic light-emitting diodes based on exciplex emission, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82 2209-2211, 2003. 

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