Organic halides overview

The Minisci reaction has successfully been applied for the alkylation of various heteroarenes, i. e. lepidine, pyrazine, quinoline and quinoxaline [2e, 2g, 10]. Organic compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, amines, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, halides etc. have been successfully used as radical precursors in the Minisci reaction. A good overview of the different methods which have been applied to generate the alkyl radicals in these processes is summarized in [10b]. 

The study aids for this chapter include the list of methods below that we have mentioned for synthesizing alkenes, as well as key terms and concepts (which are hyperlinked to the Glossary from the bold, blue terms in the WileyPLUS version of the book at wileyplus.com). Following the end of chapter problems you will find graphical overviews of the mechanisms for E2 and El reactions, a Synthetic Connections scheme for alkynes, alkenes, alkyl halides, and alcohols, and a Concept Map regarding organic synthesis involving alkenes. 

In 1972, Heck showed, independently, that aryl, benzyl and styryl halides would react with alkenes in the presence of a hindered amine as organic base at a lower reachon temperature of 100 °C (Scheme 1.16) [51, 66]. A detailed overview on the modem aspects of Mizoroki-Heck reactions, as well as their oxidative variants (Fujiwara reactions), is provided by Martin Oestreich and Verena Trepohl in Chapter 7. 

This section gives a concise overview on the construction of heterocycles by Heck-type reactions all reactions covered here mechanistically start with an oxidative addition of a C-halide or another appropriate C-heteroatom bond to a Pd(0) species and go on either with a carbopalladation step (intramolecular in Sect. B and intermolecular in Sect. C) or a cyclopalladation step (Sect. D). The examples presented in the subsections are organized according to types of starting materials, since certain substructures turned out to be typical. 

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