Orange anthocyanin-derived pigments

The majority of the plant pigments hitherto isolated from woods in pure form are the flavonoids, such as flavone, flavanone, isoflavone, isoflavanone, pterocar-pane, and chalcone derivatives, along with the phenols stilbene and xanthone, which are almost white or yellow in color. Other flavonoids such as aurone and neoflavone derivatives (orange pigments) have a limited distribution and sometimes occur as wood extractives in species of the Anacardiaceae and Leguminosae (4, 7). The presence of the typical anthocyanin derivatives of flowers and fruits is extremely rare in wood, but their leuco-compounds such as flavan-3-ol and flavan-3,4-diol have been found to occur in the wood of a considerable number of tree species (14). Besides anthocyanidin, the few other deep-colored (red, purple, or blue) pigments from woods usually possess a quinone structure. 

Carotenoids cannot be synthesized by humans therefore they must be obtained from dietary sources. These are primarily highly pigmented red, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables. The carotenoid lycopene is red however, not all red fruits and vegetables contain lycopene. For example, the red in strawberries, apples, and cherries is a result of their anthocyanin content whereas, tomatoes, watermelon, and pink grapefruit derive their red color from lycopene. The carotenoids... 

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