Optical microstructure

Figure 18 Optical microstructure under polarized light of the liquid crystalline azophenyl group containing polyester [21IJ.

Fig.l. Optical microstructure of alloy after hot deformation a) by 25 %, magnification lOOx, b) by 50%, magnification 60x... 

The intriguing properties of devices made by the combination of a film-forming dye and an optical microstructure turn up in the discovery of strong coupling between excited states and photon modes in microcavities, creating Rabi-splitted polariton modes [211]. They occur in materials with narrow absorption bands (e.g., porphyrins and cyanine dyes) and may pave the way to new laser types and fundamental insights into the interaction of matter and light. 

In the recent literature the terms nanoparticles and nanosystems are used, in analogy to colloid and colloidal systems. The prefix nano indicates dimensions in the 1 to 100 nm range. This is above the atomic scale and, unless highly refined methods are used, below the resolution of a light microscope and thus also below the accuracy of optical microstructuring techniques. 

Fig. 9.5 Chemical microarrays as they are used at Graffi-nity. The array is based on a microtiter plate footprint and carries up to 10,000 individual compounds spotted in rows and columns onto an optical microstructure.

Fig. 1 Optical microstructure of Zr02/NiCoCrAlY graded coating 3.2. Density of graded coating...

It was found that the p-type compound was relatively dense. The density was increased with increasing the pressing temperature because of the porosity decrease. The decrease results from an improvement in the bonding between the powders. We could not fabricate successfully the compound at 440 U because of the local melting of the powders. The melt was identified as Te used as a dopant. Fig. 1 shows the optical microstructures along the longitudinal and transverse directions for the compound hot pressed at 420 °C. The dark areas shown in Fig. 1 correspond to the pores. The porosity present in the compound was decreased with the pressing temperature. 

Fig. 1. Optical microstructures along the (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse directions for the compound hot pressed at 420°C...

The optical microstructure of the material in the as-received condition is shown in Figure 1. The observations revealed very small equiaxed grains obtained thanks to the presence of trialuminades formed during the solidification of the material. 

Windle and coworkers [51, 54, 56] have then interpreted some discrepancies between optical microstructures and X-ray diffraction patterns of nematic domains in copolyesters 3 and 6 in terms of biaxiality. 

The optical microstructures and composition ranges of the martensites characteristic of ice-brine-quenched massive samples of T-V, T-Nb, T-Mo, and T-Fe are exemplified by Fig. 5.2. Composition-ally, T-Fe and T-Nb are extreme examples, their Mg curves bounding those for all other measured T-TM alloys and intersecting a 200 °C isothermal, for example, at 3.3 and 20.5 at.%, respectively [ZWI74, p. 174]. 

Fig. 8.5 Optical microstructure of normal-interstilial-level (as distinct from ELI-grade) Ti-6AI-4V as a function of heat treatmentConcfitions (a) as-received (a mill-annealed fine lamellar a + p structure) (cf. Rg. 10.4) (b) p-armeaied 3.6 ks/1050 °C plus cooled in 48 s to 550 °C aixi water quenched (c) cooled in 162 s (d) cooled in 360s (e) cooled in 3600 s (f) furnace cooled in 10.2 ks [Nag84, Nag85]. Micrographs courtesy of K. Nagai, National Research Institute for Met, Tsukuba.

Characterization for this series of tests consisted of destructive and non-destructive methods. Destructive characterization consisted of generating optical microstructures fiom scrap material or post-test tab regions of tensile bars. Non-destructive characterization was done wiA both thermography and micro-focus X-ray CT. (The micro-focus CT was only dcme on the 30 Hz fatigue samples and was limited to the gauge section of the material. This was done to keep the X-ray CT data to a manageable level.)... 

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