Optical membrane fouling characterization

Recently, several novel non-invasive techniques have been applied to characterize membrane fouling [1, 2]. Among them, optical and electron microscopic techniques have been recently used to visualize particle deposition, cake formation and membrane fouling. Conventional optical microscopy enables direct visualization of particle deposition during filtration, but its low resolution limits its applications. Additionally, conventional optical microscopy cannot be used to visualize cake structure and morphology since it has a very low axial resolution and requires ultrathin specimens to obtain a good visualization. 

Optical and Acoustic Methods for in situ Characterization of Membrane Fouling ... 

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