Open water molecule insertion

In the case of RUO2, the reversible hydration mechanism allows protons to hop between RUO2 lattice sites, opening the possibility to charge subsurface layers slowly. For oxides prepared electrochemically or by sol gels, the material produced is hydrous. The enhanced mobility effect becomes more prominent through the ionization of water trapped in the metal-hydrated matrix. The and OH" from the ionized water molecule can insert into the transition metal lattice sites. The extra-hydrated sites within the material bulk can enhance mobility and optimize performance. 

The B subunit of cholera toxin, which is made up of five identical subunits (Figure 5A), attaches to the membranes of intestinal cells. The A subunit is then inserted into these cells, where it activates an enzyme that increases the concentration of a nucleotide called cyclic AMP (cAMP). High sustained concentrations of cAMP, a molecule that opens membrane chloride channels, causes severe diarrhea. (Loss of chloride results in water loss because of osmotic pressure. Several gallons of fluid per day may be lost.) If left untreated, severe dehydration may cause death within 48 hours, by circulatory shock brought on by low blood volume. 

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