Onto-logical

Constitutional reduction concerns the question of whether the domains B and S are onto-logically identical— that is, whether the S-entities are constituents of the same elementary substrates with the same elementary interactions as B-entities. 

RDFS is a vocabulary for describing classes and relationships in an onto-logically compatible manner. 

Pinczewski and Fell [Trans. Inst. Chem E/ig., 55, 46 (1977)] show that the velocity at which vapor jets onto the tray sets the droplet size, rather than the superficial tray velocity. A maximum superficial velocity formulation that incorporates ( ), the fractional open area, is logical since the fractional open area sets the jet velocity. Stichlmair and Mers-mauu [Int. Chem. Eng., 18(2), 223 (1978)] give such a correlation ... 

It is clear that in case (a) the rate, r, of the catalytic reaction (e.g. CO oxidation) will not be affected while in case (b) the rate increase, Ar, will at most equal I/nF (e.g. direct reaction of O2 with CO). In case (c), however, the new species introduced electrochemically onto the catalyst surface will interact with coadsorbed reactants and will change the catalytic properties of the catalyst surface in an a priori unpredictable manner, which is nevertheless not subject to Faraday s law. Thus in cases (a) and (b) there will be no NEMCA but in case (c) it is entirely logical to anticipate it. Even in case (b) one may anticipate NEMCA, if the product remains on the surface and has some catalytic or promotional properties. 

Once again the logic maps a set of statements onto a range. In this case the range will be the rational numbers from -m to +m, where -m is equivalent to False, and +m is equivalent to True, with complete ignorance at 0. 

It is logical to consider the nncleophile, Nu-, as a source of the electron to be transferred onto the snbstrate molecnle, RX. However, in most cases, the nucleophile is such a poor electron donor that electron transfer from Nn- to RX is extremely slow, if it is possible at all. These reactions reqnire an external stimulation in which a catalytic amount of electrons is injected. Such kinds of assistance to the reactions from photochemical and electrochemical initiations or from solvated electrons in the reaction mediums have been pointed out earlier. Alkali metals in liquid ammonia and sodium amalgam in organic solvents can serve as the solvated electron sources. Light initiation is also used widely. However, photochemical initiation complicates the reaction performance. 

We have met diosgenin as an example of a natural spiro compound (see Box 3.17), and further examination of the structure shows the double bond as in cholesterol, a second five-membered ring c/s-fused onto the five-membered ring D, as well as the spiro fusion of a six-membered ring. Before this structure dismays you, take it slowly and logically. It should not be too difficult to end up with the stereodrawing shown here. 

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