Of carboxylic acids and derivatives

Nitrilases convert nitriles to the corresponding carboxylic acids and NH3 through a cysteine residue in the active site [50]. Because of their high enantio- and regio-selectivity, nitrilases are attractive as green catalysts for the synthesis of a variety of carboxylic acids and derivatives (Figure 1.10) [51,52]. Recently, a number of recombinant nitrilases have been cloned and characterized heterologously for synthetic applications [50,53,54]. 

The photolysis of carboxylic acids and derivatives as lactones, esters and anhydrides can yield decarboxylated products 253>. This reaction has been utilized in the synthesis of a-lactones from cyclic diacyl peroxides 254) (2.34) and in the synthesis of [2,2]paracyclophane by bis-decarboxylation of a lactone precursor (2.35) 255). This latter product was also obtained by photoinduced desulfurization of the analogous cyclic sulfide in the presence of triethyl phosphite 256). 

R. Taylor in "Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives" Suppl. 2, (Patai, Editor) Chapter 15, 860, Wiley, N.Y. (1979). 

Physical properties of carboxylic acids and derivatives include solubility, melting point, boiling point, and a few other characteristics. In this section we examine each class and discuss the most important physical properties. (In the upcoming section Considering the Acidity of Carboxylic Acids, we discuss the most important chemical property of Ccirboxylic acids — acidity.)... 

You can use the unique spectroscopy of carboxylic acids and derivatives, described in the following list, to help you identify those compounds. 

Click Coached Tutorial Problems for more practice Drawing Structures of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives from IUPAC Names. 

This chapter is concerned with the cathodic reduction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, that is, esters, amides, anhydrides, acyl halides, hydrazides, nitriles, and corresponding thio derivatives. Cyclic derivatives of substituted carboxylic and polycarboxylic acids, such as lactones, lactams, imides, and anhydrides, are also included. Only those transformations in which the functional group itself is involved are discussed. Reductive coupling of carboxylic acids and derivatives is covered in Chapter 22, and there is some overlap with reduction of heterocycles in Chapter 18. 

Conversions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Esters to Acids 250, 395-397 ArC02R -+ ArC02H Amidines to Amides 242 ArN = CHNR2 —> ArNHCHO Acids to Amides 398-401 ArC02H ArCONH2... 

Seeing the Structure and Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives... 

Chapter 19 Substitutions at the Carbonyl Group, Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives 310... 

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