Nutrition copper ions

The yeast Sa. cerevisiae presents the most complete picture of copper nutritional regulation in a eukaryote. Copper ions are required for at least three key enzymes in the yeast. The ability of cells to grow on... 

Copper Hemocyanrn/Tyrosinase Models Copper Proteins with Dinuclear Active Sites Copper Proteins with Type 1 Sites Copper Proteins with Type 2 Sites Cytochrome Oxidase Electron Transfer Reactions Theory Long-range Electron Transfer in Biology Metal Ion Toxicity Metal-related Diseases of Genetic Origin Metallochaperones Metal Ion Homeostasis Nutritional Aspects of Metals Trace Elements. 

Aqueous parenteral preparations can contain trace amounts of heavy metal ions in concentrations sufficient to catalyze oxidative reactions. Aqueous parenterals are produced with the use of Water for injection, which complies with the limit test for heavy metals (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002). This is, however, no guarantee for exclusion of metal ions. Heavy metal contamination brought into the formulation by excipients is also a problem, especially for sugars, phosphate, and citrate (Nema et al., 2002). Heavy metals may also be extracted from the container by the preparation (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002 see Section 14.3). Moreover, trace elements like zinc, copper, manganese, and chromium constitute important components in several parenteral nutrition formulas (Trissel, 2001). 

Environmental and nutritional factors may also affect the development of Alzheimer disease and other mental illness. Aluminum frequently accumulates in the neurons containing neurofibrillary tangles. Copper and zinc ions can cause the amyloid Ap to aggregate. However, Zn + may actually protect against neurotoxicity. The amino acid P-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a constituent of the toxic seeds of a type of palm Cycas circimlis L.), may have induced both AES and Guam disease, a condition resembling Parkinson disease, in a population in Guam that traditionally used these seeds as food. ... 

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