Nucleophilic substitution reactions of acid chlorides

The reaction is reversible and the formation of the ester usually requires an excess of the alcohol. 

Acid chlorides (acyl chlorides), RCOCl, are very reactive and can be converted into a variety of compounds including less reactive carboxylic acid derivatives. 

For the mechanism of reduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBHt, see Section 8.3.3.1 

For the mechanism of reaction of aldehydes and ketones with Grignard reagents see Section 8.3.4.2 

In these reactions, ammonia (NH3) and the Grignard reagent (RMgX) act as bases 

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