Nuclear shell structure

Maria Goeppert-Mayer (La Jolla) and J. H. D. Jensen (Heidelberg) discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure. 

Pryce, M. H. L. Nuclear shell structure. Reports on Progress in Phy-... 

Wiles, D. R., B. W. Smith, R. Horsley and H. G. Thode Fission Yields of the Stable and Longlived Isotopes of Caesium, Rubidium, and Strontium, and Nuclear Shell Structure. Canad. J. Physics 31, 419 (1953). 

Figure 6.3 Energy level pattern and spectroscopic labeling of states from the schematic shell model. The angular momentum coupling is indicated at the left side and the numbers of nucleons needed to fill each orbital and each shell are shown on the right side. From M. G. Mayer and J. H. D. Jenson, Elementery Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure, Wiley, New York, 1955.

Some have taken the viewpoint that, without the special stability associated with nuclear shell structure, elements as light as Z = 106-108 would have negligibly short half-lives. The mere existence of these nuclei with millisecond half-lives is said to be a demonstration that we have already made superheavy nuclei, according to this view. The shell stabilization of these nuclei, which are deformed, is due to the special stability of the N = 162 configuration in deformed nuclei. (The traditional superheavy nuclei with Z 114, N = 184 were calculated to have spherical shapes.)... 

M. Goppert-Mayer and J.H.D. Jensen (1955) Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure John Wiley, New York... 

The deformation is related to the nuclear shell structure. Nuclei with magic numbers are spherical and have sharp boundary surfaces (they are "hard"). As the values of N and Z depart from the magic numbers the nucleus increases its deformation. 

Feenberg, E. The shell structure of the nucleus. Princeton The University Press 1954. — Mayer, M. G., and J. H. Jensen Elementary theory of nuclear shell structure. New York John Wiley 1955. 

More exact calculations of the mean life for capture have been made by Tiomno and Wheeler, Budini , Kennedy and Primakoff . Kennedy has shown that the deviations from the Z law found by Keuffel et aL in heavy elements can be related to nuclear shell structure. Primakoff has shown that... 

In O Fig. 4.4 only even-even nuclei are plotted. Nuclei with an odd number of either neutrons or protons or both, generally, have longer half-lives, as will be discussed later in the context of the influence of nuclear shell structure on fission. For comparison, the half-lives of odd (i.e., odd-A and odd-odd) and even-even nuclei for spontaneous fission as a function of the fissility parameter are shown in Fig. 4.5. It is obvious that in general the half-lives of odd nuclei are several orders of magnitude longer. 

For their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure... 

Ikezoe, H., Satou, K., Mitsuoka, S., Nishio, K., Jeong, S.C. Effect of nuclear shell structure on fusion reaction. Phys. At. Nuclei 66, 1053-1056 (2003)... 

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