Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy other nuclei

NMR refers to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nucleus most commonly studied with nmr is the hydrogen nucleus, but it is possible to study the nucleus of carbon-13 and other atoms as well. 

In this chapter, three methods for measuring the frequencies of the vibrations of chemical bonds between atoms in solids are discussed. Two of them, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR, and Raman Spectroscopy, use infrared (IR) radiation as the probe. The third, High-Resolution Electron Enetgy-Loss Spectroscopy, HREELS, uses electron impact. The fourth technique. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, NMR, is physically unrelated to the other three, involving transitions between different spin states of the atomic nucleus instead of bond vibrational states, but is included here because it provides somewhat similar information on the local bonding arrangement around an atom. 

The spectroscopic techniques described in this section include IR, Raman, and UV-visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Techniques based on particle scattering, transitions in the nucleus, and radioisotope techniques that produce radiation that is a measure of the chemical environment are described in Sections IV.B and C. Some of these techniques, such as IR and UV-visible spectroscopy, have been applied to studies of catalysts for more than 30 years, whereas others, such as EXAFS, are relatively new to catalytic studies. 

The enormous advances and changes in organometallic chemistry since the discovery of ferrocene would not have been possible had there not been a concomitant development of instrumental techniques and widespread availability of instruments. Infrared spectroscopy has long been known, but recent extensions in both theory and instrumentation have greatly expanded its applications. More recently, it has been complemented and supplemented by Raman spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, particularly for the hydrogen nucleus, has been an extremely important tool much early work is reviewed in the article by Maddox et al. 172). In more recent years, nuclei such as F, °B, and a variety of others have also... 

L/2 = 0.70 X 10 years), and ° Pb is formed from Th (ty2 =1-40 xlO years). By contrast, ° Pb has no long-lived radioactive parent isotope (10, 31, 32). The ° Pb/ ° Pb ratios (and ratios of other stable lead isotopes) have proven particularly useful for identifying the primary source of lead contamination in environmental and human samples (see Section V.F) (10, 31, 33). The stable isotope ° Pb (/ = i) has also proved to be useful for studying the lead nucleus using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (see below). 

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