Nuclear magnetic resonance isotope exchange reactions

Experimentally, water exchange rate constants are mainly determined from nuclear magnetic resonance measurements [6, 7]. Other techniques are restricted to very slow reactions (classical kinetic methods using isotopic substitution) or are indirect methods, such as ultrasound absorption, where the rate constants are estimated from complex-formation reactions with sulfate [3]. The microscopic nature of the mechanism of the exchange reaction is not directly accessible by experimental methods. In general, reaction mechanisms can be deduced by experimentally testing the sensitivity of the reaction rate to a variety of chemical and physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, or concentration. 

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