Nuclear energy neighboring

Parr and Zhou have pointed out that the relationship between hardness and stability can be extended to atomic nuclei. The hardness is defined as half the difference between the highest filled nuclear energy level and the lowest empty one. This difference is greatest for closed-shell nuclei compared with the neighboring open-shell nuclei. Shells can be identified by the magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126. Hardness seems to be a general measure of stability. Local maxima can be used to locate shell and sub-shell structure. ... 

Linear symmetric nuclear configurations. = neighbor internuclear distance in atomic units (bohrs). Energies in atomic units (hartrees). = chemical activation energy. b I. Shavitt, J. Chem. Phys., 49, 4048 (1968). 

Other factors, such as spin-spin interaction with neighboring atoms, affect Si nuclear energy level splitting. For nuclei with / > 1, the nuclear quadrupole... 

Spin-lattice relaxation is also called longitudinal relaxation and is designated by relaxation time T. The term lattice refers to the framework of molecules that includes the sample and its medium (the neighboring nuclei) with the same meaning as in Chapter 4. Spin-lattice relaxation has a component of random intensity and phase at the nuclear resonant frequency. This involves interchange of nuclear energy with the rest of the system (the surroundings). 

Since there are A nucleons in the nucleus and the nuclear force saturates, we expect each nucleon to contribute to the total binding energy. This term is known as the volume term. The coefficient av is the energy by which a nucleon in the interior of the nucleus is bound to its nearest neighbors and is a parameter to be determined experimentally. 

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