Nuclear analytical techniques distribution

Nuclear Analytical Techniques for Metallome and Metalloproteome Distribution... 

Analysis of a metallodrug in a biological tissue is a challenging task in analytical chemistry, primarily because the traditional methods used are usually indirect and semi-quantitative to a large extent, and are unable to visualize the metal ions in vivo. Advanced nuclear analytical techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis. X-ray emission. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and isotope tracing/dilution techniques offer some means by which elemental distribution, oxidation states, and species structural information can be studied. ... 

Corresponding to the objects of elementomics study, different analytieal techniques can be used to reach these goals. The applieation of advaneed nuclear analytical techniques on metalloproteomies study has been reviewed by Gao et alP In the following parts, nuelear analytieal teehniques, whieh ean achieve some of the above goals of nanometallomies, espeeially analytieal techniques for characterization, elemental quantifieation and distribution, and structural analysis of metallic nanomaterials, will be introdueed. 

Solvent extraction techniques are frequently used to identify and characterize products of nuclear reactions, because the elemental (M) distribution ratios (Dm) that provide the scientific information can be measured at extremely low metal concentrations, as described in Chapter 4, providing information about the chemical properties of the metal ion. Figure 12.17 illustrates an example of such studies. Sophisticated radiometric analytical techniques greatly facilitate measurement of distribution ratios of radionuclides at very low concentrations. 

An important feature in characterizing irradiated nuclear fuels is the analysis of the distribution of fission products and activation products in the irradiated fuel rods, as well as in individual fuel pellets. For this reason, some of the analytical techniques developed to this end will be shortly described, each of which meets specific requirements. 

In this chapter, we will introduce some nuclear-based analytical techniques to study the charaeterization and potential risk of nanomaterials, especially the metallic ones, and their interactions with biological systems. However, it should be noticed that the study of interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems is a very new and emerging field. Publications on risk evaluation and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) studies of these nanomaterials sometimes can not be replicated and contradictory results can also be found. 

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