Normative visions

This chapter has argued that cost-effectiveness evaluation of medicines, despite widespread normative, bureaucratic and political support, is an endangered global public good. This is so not only because of threats posed by corporate multinationals, but because those operating it lack a systematic global vision for its long-term enhancement. 

Another example of an evolutionary system is the Scandinavian active society. The vision that a socially inclusive society in terms of (almost) everyone participating in the labour market, irrespective of gender, age, ethnicity, health, qualifications, family responsibilities etc. has already existed since the 1930s. The inclusive society entails that every resident is able to materialise his or her potential capacities. The idea of activation is thus deeply rooted in the normative foundation of the Scandinavian welfare state. Labour market participation is seen as salient to the individual s welfare and to the welfare of the collective by paying taxes. In order to achieve this, activation is perhaps the most important policy, as Peter Kohler, Jon Kvist and Lisbeth Pedersen point out in the chapter Making All Work Modern Danish Labour Market Policies . 

Culture, identity, and vision. The multi-layered way we do things around here, including what Schein (1992) terms surface-level cultural artifacts, mid-level values and norms, and deep, underlying core assumptions. 

The organization embraces explicit corporate values and norms (such as a clear mission or vision). 

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