Normative perspective

Schlichting, C. D. and Pigliucci, M. (1998), Phenotypic Evolution A Reaction Norm Perspective, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. 

Because of Lajosch s own distinction of his two explanations (ideographic perspective) and because one explanation is nearer to a Newtonian view (normative perspective), his two explanations are labeled very clearly distinguishable . 

No subject related to forced migration has received more attention from a normative perspective than the question of whether some forced migrants should have a special right to cross borders in search of international protection, or asylum. In particular, scholars have been concerned with who should be able to claim asylum, and what responsibilities states have to admit and protect those they recognize as refugees. 

This review adopts the broad perspective, recognizing that the primai y policy mechanisms applied to improve energy efficiency—minimum efficiency standards, incentive programs, normative and informative labeling progi ams, and technology-driven market forces—can address a vei"y wide variety of products. 

The first main challenge is to prevent persistent and harmful employee conflicts - that is, the balance between diversity and similarity (or organizational norms ) can in some cases lean too far toward diversity. This implies that the differences in perspectives, behaviours and work concepts become dysfunctional and lead to culture clashes (Loden and Rosener, 1991). The manifestation of these involves misunderstandings, feelings of threat... 

Garcia, J., "African-American Perspectives, Cultural Relativism and Normative Issues Some Conceptual Questions.," In H.F. Flack and E. Pellegrino (eds.), African-American Perspectives on Biomedical Ethics. Washington, DC Georgetown University Press, pp. 11-66 (1992). 

Although we have approached the potential ip0 from the perspective of electrodes, the discussion makes it clear that the potential given by Equation (1) applies to any Agl-aqueous solution interface, and not just to electrode surfaces. We may not always know the concentrations required to use Equation (1) numerically, but so long as the bulk concentration of potential-determining ions differs from czp, a potential difference exists at the surface. The ions of water itself are potential determining for many surfaces. These as well as added solutes or ions in equilibrium with the solid mean that surface potentials at (especially, but not exclusively) aqueous interfaces are the norm rather than something exceptional. 

The norm against rate busting found at most work places can be seen in this perspective. The usual explanation of this norm is that rate busting induces employers to raise standards, so that in the end all workers lose. The problem with this account is that it makes employers seem pretty irrational, sirKe it would be in their interest to dispel the fear of the workers and conunit themselves to a preset standard. An alternative account could be one in terms of social norms, conformism and envy. The overall impact of the norm of not sticking one s neck out has probably... 

Safety relevant norms require competence of safety analysis processes participants4. To achieve competence, people learn through instruction or experience. Knowledge of (currently) objective part (and related skills) of the activity allows for choice of a plan or perspective. The plan or perspective then determines which elements of the situation are treated as important and which ones are ignored. 

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