Normalised current-voltage

The physical significance of K is that each normalised current/voltage plot in the form of f/fiim vs 6 (= P/RT(E — ) where E is the potential) is a function only... 

Normalised current-voltage characteristics of melt-spun PP fibres containing 10 and 15 vol% of carbon nanofibres drawn to different draw ratios (DR). Reproduced from Ref. 213. 

An interesting consequence of these calculations is that the normalised mean stationary current—voltage characteristics are similar for different electrodes and electrolytes. An example is shown in Fig. 3.19 where the normalised mean current—voltage characteristics for a sodium hydroxide solution with different concentrations is depicted. 

Figure 4.7 Step input for a terminal voltage lower than the critical voltage (a) bubble coverage fraction 0 step input (b) normalised current J step input.

A micro computer system allowed voltage and current measurements to be synchronised plus data logging and averaging of measurements. Alongside each "measurement" foil was a "control" foil, coated with paint plus a protective epoxy coating, which did not corrode and allowed resistance measurements to be normalised. 

By combining these relations, one gets the normalised mean stationary current characteristics for terminal voltages lower than the critical voltage (i.e. U < 1) ... 

Figure 16 shows the theoretically predicted influence of the normalised frequency, f, on the phase angle between current and voltage, , along with experimental verification [70] using the ferri-ferrocyanide reversible couple... 

Fig. 11. (A) Voltage dependence of for the activation of For Fp< -50 mV, the time constants were evaluated from tail current records. The different symbols represent separate experiments. (B) Voltage dependence of the relaxation time constants of the gating currents. All results were normalised to a standard temperature of 6.3°C assuming m = 3. For V > -50 mV, t (F) was measured during the pulses for Fp < -50 mV, it was measured from the tail of the gating current and F, was varied. (O, , A, T, A, ) in fibres perfused with high Cs (the different symbols represent different experiments) (A, B, ) in fibres perfused with low Cs (50 mM CsF plus 900 mM sucrose), plotted with membrane potentials shifted 9mV in a negative direction (t(F) values from Table3 in [41]). The lines were computed to give a least-squares best fit of the points in A or in B (for parameters see text). (Adapted from Keynes and Rojas [38].)...

The valve coefficients for the four valves are fixed at the values given by (10.63), (10.64), (10.66) and (10.67) to obtain the open-loop dynamic response of the SOFC. Step changes are made in the load current from 100 to 80 A at 500 s and from 80 to 90 A at 2000 s. The dynamic responses of the cell voltage, current, FU and OU to the step changes of load current, the data being normalised with respect to the initial steady-state conditions (Voltage = 0.609036 V, Current = 100 A, FU = 0.8 and OU = 0.125), are shown in Fig. 10.8a. 

Fig. 10.8 Dynamic response curves for (a) voltage, current, FU and OU normalised to their initial values and (b) species partial pressures and cell temperature...

---