Nonuniform charge distribution

Fig. 3.86). The beam, which is focused by an objective, generates a nonuniform charge distribution corresponding to an array pattern. After diffusion and recombination of the free charges, the position-dependent internal space-charge field results in a modulation of the refractive index [247]. The written bits are read by fluorescence. 

Attractive forces are present in gases composed of polar molecules. Nonuniform charge distribution on polar molecules creates positive and negative regions, resulting in electrostatic attraction and deviation from ideality. 

Figure 6. Voltage and field profiles associated with the nonuniform charge distribution depicted. ave applied voltage/L.

A myriad of conditions could give rise to nonuniform charge distributions in the fluid. For example, electroosmotic flows or solutions of electrolytes are often used to manipulate microfluidic flows. In these situations, the macromolecule may be subject to Coulomb forces. There is no general expression to account for these forces, but they will depend on the location and strength of the charge distribution in the fluid as well as along the molecule. 

Ohshima, H., MaMno, K., and Kondo, T., Potential distribution across a membrane with surface charge layers effects of nonuniform charge distribution, J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 113 (2), 6Ti 61, 1986. 

This method was later generalized to systems with nonuniform charge distribution by using an adaptive grid [133]. 

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