Nomograms concentration calculations

A nomogram for obtaining pH, of a water at various temperatures and dissolved-solids content was constructed by C. Hoover [4]. A chart for the same purpose as prepared by Powell, Bacon, and Lill [5] is reproduced in Fig. 29.4. To use the chart, we must know the alkalinity of a water and calcium ion concentration calculated as ppm CaCOs, total dissolved solids in ppm, and the temperature. 

Using cross plots of the depth-dose curve and 8/So vs. dose (from the nomogram) one can calculate the concentration of contaminants. 

Urine should be collected in 6 mol/L HCl, 20 to 30 ml for a 24-hour specimen, to avoid precipitation of phosphate complexes. Simultaneous measurement of phosphate and creatinine in serum and urine with fasting morning spot or 1- to 2-hour timed collections permits calculation of the renal phosphate threshold (TmPO /GFR). The clearance of phosphate divided by creatinine clearance can be plotted on a nomogram, and the TmP04/GFR determined. This index expresses phosphate reabsorption as a function of both serum phosphate concentration and GFR and is more useful than urinary phosphate excretion. 

For calculating the minimum number of stages in a low-temperature distillation at infinite reflux ratio, the nomogram of Fig. 181 after Podbielniak [107], may be used. The diagram again assumes that the concentration of the charge is 50 mol%, but takes account of the relative volatility of the mixture and the desired concentration of the distillate. Firstly, the relative volatility of the gas mixture to be sepa-... 

The safety assessment now follows a procedure which starts with the calculation of the steady state values for ln(Da ) based on the production requirements for Xs and Ts and the kinetic parameters E/R and n, which must be known. The plausibility of this value may be checked by using the scheduled residence time, the frequency factor and the feed concentration Cgj for an alternative determination, which must result in an identical value. This step is followed by the determination of P using Equ. (4-122) and the known process and plant data. If the point defined by P and ln(Daco) is above the limit curve in the nomogram for the corresponding Stanton munber, the operating point is safe under normal operating conditions. 

In alkalosis the bound fraction increases, and in acidosis the bound fraction decreases. If the concentration of free calcium ions at the actual pH is to be determined, blood samples have to be processed anaerobically and measured within minutes. Results are reported for the actual pH and for pH 7.4 after recalculating according to a suitable algorithm. If the pH is considered to be normal , serum can be used for measurement after readjustment of pH to 7.4 + 0.2 and recalculating for pH 7.4. Reporting at pH 7.4 is performed to allow for comparison with the reference interval, which is only known for this pH value. Determination of ionized calcium by ISEs is preferred to calculation of its concentration from the values of total calcium, albumin, and pH using an empirical nomogram. 

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