Sulfur—nitrogen bonds elemental halogens

Functional groups can contain many elements, but the most common are oxygen and nitrogen. Sulfur and the halogens are less commonly encountered. Some functional groups are part of the molecular backbone. These include the multiple bonds between backbone carbon atoms of compounds such as ethene (ethylene), ethyne (acetylene), and benzene. 

A second reason for the vast number of organic compounds is that carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other elements. Several families of organic compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers) contain oxygen atoms bonded to carbon. Others contain nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens. The presence of these elements confers a wide variety of new chemical and physical properties on an organic compound. 

Carbon atoms form strong bonds not only with other carbon atoms but also with atoms of other elements. In addition to hydrogen, many carbon compounds also contain oxygen. Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the halogens also frequently occur in carbon compounds. 

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon. There are several million organic compounds, 10-fold more than inorganic compounds. This occurs because carbon atoms easily bond to each other as well as to other elements, principally hydrogen, oxygen, halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, in a variety of structural patterns. 

Carbon atoms readily form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with atoms of other nonmetals, especially hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens. Carbon atoms form these bonds by sharing pairs of electrons with atoms of other elements. When two atoms share two electrons, the bond is called a single bond (symbolized in a structural formula by a single dash - ). When four electrons are shared, the bond is called a double bond (symbolized by a double dash = ). When six electrons are shared, the bond is called a triple bond (symbolized by a triple dash <=> ). A carbon atom will... 

Organic chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds that contain C — C or C — H bonds and sometimes a few other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the halogens. 

Under terrestrial conditions most elements rarely exist as isolated atoms. The atoms of most known elements are chemically bonded to other atoms. For example, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and the halogens are diatomic molecules. Yellow sulfur and white phosphorus exist as molecules whose formulas are S, and P4, respectively. The molecules of diamond or graphite (both forms of carbon) and of red phosphorus consist of many millions of atoms. Metallic elements, too, such as copper and potassium, are composed of bonded atoms, generally in a crystalline form. 

The fingerprint region (1500-500 cm 1), where all single bonds between carbon and elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogens absorb... 

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