Nitrogen Series

Lethal concentrations (LCsos) for inhalation of these agents are as low as 60 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. 

Lethal percutaneous exposures (LDsos) to liquid are as low as 1.4 grams per individual. 

Incapacitating concentrations (ICtso) for dermal exposure to these agents at moderate temperatures (i.e., between 65 and 85°F) are as low as 2 ppm for a 30-minutes exposure. Temperatures above 85°F reduce the concentration necessary to produce similar effects. 

Eye irritation from exposure to agent vapors occurs at concentrations as low as 2 ppm after a 2-minutes exposure an incapacitating concentration (ICtso) f°r exposure of the eyes is as low as 4 ppm for a 2-minutes exposure. 

The rate of detoxification of vesicants by the body is very low. Exposures are essentially cumulative. 

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It unites directly with hydriodic and hydrobromio acids when they are presented to it in the nascent state, forming compounds isomorpbous with the corresponding substances in the nitrogen series —... 

A seven-membered ring oxygen heterocycle 176 could also be generated by type intramolecular metallo-ene reactions and the zinc-ene process appeared by far more efficient than the magnesium-ene. However, in the nitrogen series, type II zinc-and magne-sium-ene reactions exhibited similar efficiencies and afforded the substituted 3-methylene piperidine 177 in comparable yields (equation 86)121. 

In contrast, 2- and 4-pyrones are considered to have relatively little aromatic character. Whereas in an analogous nitrogen series 4-pyridone 5.23 has significant aromatic character (mesomeric representation 5.23a making a considerable contribution to the overall electronic distribution), aromatic mesomeric representation 9.3a makes less of a contribution to the overall electronic structure of 4-pyrone. As with furan, the higher electronegativity of oxygen leads to heterocycles of little aromaticity in cases where delocalisation of electron density from the heteroatom is a prerequisite for that aromaticity. 

Russell, R. R., VanderWerf, C. A. Malonic ester synthesis with styrene oxide and with butadiene oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69,11-13. Mizuno, Y., Adachi, K., Ikeda, K. Condensed systems of aromatic nitrogenous series. XIII. Extension of malonic ester synthesis to the heterocyclic series. Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1954, 2, 225-234. 

The story of these linear carbon chains does not stop with the previous assignment. In fact, in the C H and C N series, there is only a very small separation between the lowest 2 and the lowest states. In the C H series, the ground state is 2, associated wih a small value of /i for n = 2, 4, but turns to for n = 1, 3 and n > 4 with a simultaneous dramatic increase in the dipole moment. In the nitrogen series, the turning point, if existing, is not clearly known, as different calculations give different results for the ground state of CjN [45,46]. 

Several factors easily explain the reverse order of stability observed in the phosphorus (37 less stable than 38) and nitrogen series (39 more stable than 40) ... 

Pettenkofer s atomic weight differences for the nitrogen series ... 

C.ii.c. Cyclizations Involving Nitrogen Nucleophiles. Heterocyclization catalyzed by palladium complexes has also been applied in nitrogen series for the synthesis of several alkaloids such as ( )-alchomeine, ( )-isoalchomeine, a- or y-lycorane, ( )-heUotridane, ( )-cephalotaxine, and (-)-anatoxin-a (Scheme 33). 

He also chai his idea of 1818 that the oxides of metals belong to the sulphur series and thinks they belong to the nitrogen series. In the oxidation series of chromium the ratio of the oxygen in the lowest oxide [Cr Os] to that in the highest, chromic add [CrOs], is i 2. In the salts, chromic add saturates a... 

The purpose of the liquid-nitrogen series of the quarter-scale test phase was to provide verification of the dimensional analysis, while the purpose of static liquid-oxygen series of tests was to provide the physical correlation between the liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen. By verifying the correlations between the first two series of the quarter-scale phase, it was possible to apply the results of the dynamic quarter-scale, or acceleration, series to a flight article. 

A novel photocyclization of the aryl cyclohexenyl ketone (86) to the tricyclic compound (87), a potential precursor for gibberellins, has been reported (Scheme 28)/ Closely related cyclizations to give benzannelated five-membered heterocycles have been investigated. A recent example in the nitrogen series involved the photocyclization of the N-arylenamine (88) to the heterocyclic derivative (89), which is a model for the synthesis of Aspidosperma alkaloids (Scheme 29). ... 

The sulfur and nitrogen series ressemble each other in so far as both amines and sulfides or the corresponding onium salts can be induced to isomerize. Benefitting from a greater driving force, S -ylides rearrange under very mild conditions. 

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