Nitration environmentally friendly

Keggin type H3PW)2O40 is a stable, recyclable and effective catalyst for H2S04-free liquid phase nitration of bezene, chlorobenzene and toluene with nitric acid as a nitration agent. Higher para-selectivity of nitrotoluene was obtained, and the result implies that HPA can effectively catalyze the liquid phase nitration of various aromatics as an environmentally friendly nitration process. 

The most important progress in the chemistry of nitro compounds is the improvement of their preparations this is discussed in chapter 2. Environmentally friendly methods for nitration are emphasized here. 

From the recent advances the heteroatom-carbon bond formation should be mentioned. As for the other reactions in Chapter 13 the amount of literature produced in less than a decade is overwhelming. Widespread attention has been paid to the formation of carbon-to-nitrogen bonds, carbon-to-oxygen bonds, and carbon-to-sulfur bonds [29], The thermodynamic driving force is smaller in this instance, but excellent conversions have been achieved. Classically, the introduction of amines in aromatics involves nitration, reduction, and alkylation. Nitration can be dangerous and is not environmentally friendly. Phenols are produced via sulfonation and reaction of the sulfonates with alkali hydroxide, or via oxidation of cumene, with acetone as the byproduct. 

Aromatics. The application of solid acid catalysts provides excellent possibilities to carry out aromatic electrophilic substitutions in an environmentally friendly way. Various zeolites were found by Smith and coworkers to exhibit high activities and selectivities.250 Acetyl nitrate generated in situ from acetic anhydride and HNO3 transforms alkylbenzenes to the corresponding para-nitro derivatives in high yield (92-99%) and with excellent selectivity (79-92%) when applied in the presence of large-pore H-Beta zeolites.251 Lattice flexibility and the coordination of acetyl... 

Using a new process, ADN can be prepared in a very environmentally friendly manner (without the use of chlorinated organic solvents) by the direct nitration of salts (potassium or ammonium) of sulfamic acid (amidosulfonic acid, H2N-S03H) using mixed acid (HN03/H2S04) ... 

It is important to note that the only side product from these nitrations is water. With the additional benefit that the catalyst can be recycled (vide infra) this simple methodology represents an efficient and environmentally friendly process. 

We have developed an economical and environmentally friendly method of producing TAA with extremely high selectivity using ammonium nitrate, ammonium hydroxide, and acetone in the presence of a calcium containing acid catalyst. 

Chem. Descrip. Tri-n-butyi citrate CAS 77-94-1 EiNECS/ELiNCS 201-071-2 Uses Piasticizer for ceiiuiose nitrate, ethyi ceiiuiose, chiorinated rubber, ceiiuiosic coatings, PVAc, PVB, PVC, PVP, PVdC, poiy(acryiate/meth-acryiate) defoamer in proteinaceous soi ns. improved it. stability in cellulose acetate solvent for household, I I cleaners solvent, film-former, plasticizer in inks, adhesives, coatings food pkg. adhesives Features Environmentally friendly Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105 kosher Properties Clear Iiq., essentially odorless sol. in toluene, heptane, < 0.1 g/100 ml water m.w. 360 sp.gr. 1.037-1.045 vise. 32 cps vapor pressure 1 mm Hg (170 C) pour pt. -62 C flash pt. (COC) 185 C ref. index 1.443-1.445 99% assay... 

Initially, sulfuric acid was used to initate the Borsche—Drechsel cyclization. However, Perkin found that acetic acid provided cleaner products. Recently, other reagents—such as cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and the more environmentally friendly acidic ionic liquids —have been used to catalyze the ring formation. It should be noted that people have found it difficult to promote the cyclization when there are substituents at the ortho-position of the phenylhydrazine. This difficulty becomes more pronounced when both the hydrazine and the cyclohexanone have a-substitution This difficulty usually leads to low yields compared with other methods of forming the carbazole. 

In the present study, spinel ferrites nanocrystals with different structures were prepared from an aqueous solution containing metal nitrates, poly (vinyl pyrrolidon), and deionized water using a relatively low temperature thermal treatment method, followed by grinding and calcinations. No other chemicals were added to the solution. This method is environmentally friendly in that it neither uses nor produces toxic substances, and it offers the advantages of simplicity, low cost, and low reaction temperatures. The textural and morphological characteristics of the spinel ferrites nanocrystals we prepared were studied with various techniques to determine the influence of calcination temperature on the crystallization, morphology, and particle size distribution of the nanocrystals and to explore other parameters of interest. 

Especially, the eco-friendly ionic liquids have obtained extensive attention in organic synthesis with the merits provided as above. The ionic liquids as the unusual green solvents are applied extensively in various organic synthesis reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts reactions, oxidation reactions, reduction reactions, addition reactions, C-C formation reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions, esterifications, rearrangements, hydroformylations, and nitration reactions [7-14]. Besides, the ionic liquids also have applications in the extraction separation, the electrochemistry, and preparation of nanostructured materials, the production of clean fuel, environmental science, and biocatalysis. This chapter would present in detail the application of the ionic liquids as the unusual green solvents (also as dual green solvent and catalyst) for the alkylation and acylation. 

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