Nickel, electrolytic preparation sources

The actual cell voltage is about 1.5 V, it does not depend on the actual pH-value of the electrolyte solution as obvious from the absence of protons and hydroxide ions in the cell reaction equation. It slightly depends on the source of the used manganese dioxide. Initially naturally occurring manganese dioxide was used. The battery required a quality of less than 0.5% copper, nickel, cobalt, and arsenic to avoid undue corrosion of the zinc electrode. Currently synthetic manganese dioxide is prepared either by chemical (CMD) or electrochemical (EMD) procedures. For improved electrical conductivity graphite or acetylene black are added. Upon deep... 

Industrially, sorbitol is prepared by high-pressure hydrogenation with a copper-chromium or nickel catalyst, or by electrolytic reduction of glucose and corn syrup. If cane or beet sugars are used as a source, the disaccharide is hydrolyzed to dextrose and fructose prior to hydrogenation. 

Giilzow, E., Schulze, M. and Steinlrilber, G. (2002) Investigation of the degradation of different nickel anode types for alkaline fuel cells (AFCs). J. Power Sources 106, 126-135 Gtilzow, E., Schulze, M., Wagner, N., Kaz, T., Reissner, R., Steinhilber, G. and Schneider, A. (2000) Dry layer preparation and characterization of polymer electrolyte fuel cell components. J. Power Sources 86, 352—362... 

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